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While “oshi-katsu” (activities supporting one’s favorites) has been reported to increase positive emotions among younger generations, its prevalence and impact on the feeling that life is worth living among elderly people have not been sufficiently examined. This study aimed to clarify the relation between oshi-katsu and the feeling that life is worth among elderly people by conducting an online survey targeting seniors nationwide. Responses from two groups were analyzed: those engaged in oshi-katsu (n=480) and those not engaged (n=500). The results indicated that although the perceived positive impact of oshi-katsu on social aspects such as interpersonal relationships and social activities was limited, more than two-thirds of participants reported positive effects on psychological aspects, including feelings of fulfillment and happiness. Furthermore, scores for “feeling that life is worth living” and its subscales, including “desire for self-realization,” “sense of life fulfillment” and “will to live” were significantly higher in the oshi-katsu group compared to the non-participating group. These findings suggest that oshi-katsu among elderly people may contribute to enhanced awareness of fulfillment and an increased feeling that life is worth living.

With the recent widespread use of social networking services (SNS), non-face-to-face communication has become increasingly common among younger generations, including university students. This study aimed to clarify the relation between university students’ face-to-face and non-face-to-face interactions and their subjective well-being. An online survey was conducted targeting university students nationwide, and the responses were analyzed based on three categories of interaction partners: close friends at the same university (n=340), classmates at the same university (n=347) and friends outside the university (n=353). The results indicated that both face-to-face communication and text-based non-face-to-face communication were primarily used with close friends and classmates at the same university, as well as with friends outside the university. Subjective well-being tended to be higher among students who interacted more frequently and tended to be lower lower among those who interacted less frequently. This relation was consistent for both face-to-face and text-based non-face-to-face communication. These findings suggest that text-based non-face-to-face communication may contribute to subjective well-being in a manner similar to face-to-face communication.

We examined the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its related factors to support the health of Mine City residents. We enrolled 1,871 subjects, consisting of 1,186 men and 685 women, aged 20 to 92 years. Inclusion criteria were those who underwent health checkups at Mine City Hospital and answered a lifestyle questionnaire. The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome among the subjects was 14.7%. Significantly more men than women were classified as having metabolic syndrome or being at risk for metabolic syndrome across all age groups （youth, middle age, and elderly）. Moreover, particularly high rates were observed among middle-aged and elderly men. Blood pressure was significantly higher in men than women during youth and middle age, showing an upward trend with increasing age. Fasting blood glucose was significantly higher in men than women across all age groups and showed an upward trend with increasing age. LDL cholesterol was significantly higher in men than women in the youth age group. LDL cholesterol increased with age in women, whereas no significant differences were observed among age groups in men. HDL cholesterol was significantly lower in men than women across all age groups, showing an increasing trend with advancing age. The proportion of individuals not meeting national physical activity guidelines was high among men in middle age and among women in youth and middle age. No sex difference was observed in sedentary time; however, it was shorter in the elderly compared with the youth and middle-aged age groups in both men and women. Scores for dietary behaviors associated with obesity risk decreased with increasing age in both men and women, with a sex difference observed only in the elderly age group. These findings provide useful guidance for health support aimed at preventing and managing metabolic syndrome in the general population.

This article aims to analyze the basis organization of Hotokukai and its regular meetings. Hotokukai was established by Hanada Nakanosuke, and this association has spread throughout of the country. Hotokukai held monthly meetings on the basis of detailed manuals; decisions were also made on a monthly basis. Basis organizations sent reports of monthly meetings to head offices and printed magazines. The author introduced a regular meeting held by the organization in Osaka as example.

The world-renowned modern architect Bruno Taut (1880-1938) resided in Japan during the 1930s due to Nazi persecution. For a significant period, the people of Takasaki provided him with shelter and refuge. The present study focuses on Takasaki, the city that welcomed Taut, and re-examines the reasons why this city was able to pursue policies centered on culture while sometimes resisting the wishes of the government of the time. In addition, it explores the necessary measures for the protection of such an intellectual figure. In doing so, the author elucidated the reality of the three structures of discrimination that Taut confronted, and which had an impact on his life. Furthermore, the author analyzed how Taut managed to overcome this discrimination. Specifically, the third theme, which focused on bamboo crafts and discriminated communities, highlighted the potential for a global exchange of knowledge regarding discrimination. In conclusion, the following factors may be considered: a) Takasaki was a city that was well-equipped to welcome cultural figures, and had a personal network that could actually handle the invitation, such as Taut's patron, Fusaichiro Inoue. b) Taut, although initially unwilling, used "crafts" as a cultural catalyst, and built a solid relationship of trust with Takasaki's artisans, and furthermore, exhibited his works at the "Miratiss" store, making the results visible and easy to understand for everyone. c) Takasaki's rich cultural and natural environment and the genuine warmth of its residents. These factors interacted with each other, freeing Taut from the oppressive feelings of discrimination and helping to shape Takasaki into a more clearly cultural city.

The author, Kondo, joined the Yamaguchi City Office in April 1992, and has since been extensively involved in community development practices at the local level, including work at the Shiraishi Community Center, Odono Regional Exchange Center, and Tokuji Regional Exchange Center. In addition, while serving in the Collaboration Promotion Division, the author participated in the institutional design of citizen–government collaborative community development initiatives, following the implementation of the Yamaguchi City Ordinance on Collaborative Community Development in April 2009. Drawing on experience both as a municipal official and as a citizen, the author has engaged in various styles of community development. This paper introduces several practical case studies from these experiences and systematically examines them from the perspective of a coordinator. The analysis is conducted based on two key viewpoints. The first viewpoint concerns the participation of younger generations in community development. While community development initiatives that reflect local characteristics are actively pursued across different areas of the city, their primary actors tend to be retirees from older generations, and cases in which younger generations, such as university students, play an active role remain limited. The author has long recognized this imbalance and has explored mechanisms to facilitate youth participation; this paper reconsiders these efforts through a review of past practices. The second viewpoint emphasizes the cultivation of a sense of unity within Yamaguchi City. Despite the city's composition of 21 distinct areas, each with its own history, culture, and regional identity, and the ongoing community development efforts that leverage these characteristics, concerns have been raised that such diversity may inadvertently hinder the formation of a cohesive citywide identity. This paper also examines community development practices from this perspective. It is hoped that this study will provide insights not only for Yamaguchi City but also for other cities facing similar challenges in community development.

This study explores the effectiveness of utilizing overseas social media and international students to promote inbound tourism in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. Despite the national recovery in tourism, Yamaguchi faces challenges in attracting Chinese visitors due to low global awareness and the limitations of traditional information dissemination. This research specifically focuses on the potential of Douyin (the Chinese version of TikTok)to reach younger demographics effectively. Methodologically, the study employs content analysis, interviews, and participant observation through a governmentsponsored "monitor tour." The research highlights the unique role of international students as "cultural translators." Unlike short-term tourists, students offer authentic, resident-based perspectives that bridge cultural gaps and build trust with foreign audiences. Furthermore, the author conducted an experimental promotion by posting AI-generated "anime-style" images of Yamaguchi’s landscapes on Douyin. The analysis reveals that these visually reimagined contents significantly enhanced engagement, eliciting emotional responses and a renewed interest in visiting the region. The findings suggest that local governments should shift from one-way information dissemination to a co-creation model. By combining the logistical resources of the administration with the creative, multicultural viewpoints of international students, regional cities can generate high-value content. This approach not only improves information reach but also redefines the region's appeal, offering a sustainable strategy for revitalizing local inbound tourism.

From the late Edo period to the early Meiji era, Shin Buddhist monks such as Shimaji Mokurai (島地黙雷), Ōzu Tetsunen (大洲鉄然), Akamatsu Renjō (赤松連城), and Kagawa Hōkō (香川葆晃) achieved remarkable political prominence. After Gesshō’s (月性) death, they carried on his legacy by participating directly and indirectly in the anti-shogunate movement. After the Meiji Restoration, they promptly moved to Kyoto to initiate reforms in Hongwanji’s (本願寺) religious administration. Furthermore, they opposed the Buddhism abolition movement (廃仏毀釈) and the new Meiji government’s policy of establishing Shinto as the state religion. Throughout this process, they consistently used Shin Buddhism as an example, arguing to new government officials from Chōshū/Yamaguchi like Kido Takayoshi that Buddhism was a religion essential to the new state. The author introduces over forty newly discovered official appointments and certificates received by Hōkō, the least researched of these four Chōshū-affiliated Shin Buddhist priests who played such active roles, and explains the historical context of each document.

Generative artificial intelligence is reshaping educational assessment; however, high-stakes evaluations of student writing remain contentious. This study proposes an LLM-derived similarity metric—cosine similarity between essay-level embedding vectors of student essays and expert model texts (e.g., instructor-written benchmark essays)—as an automated indicator of L2 English writing proficiency. Using a longitudinal design, about 35 Japanese university students will produce argumentative essays at three time points over a 15-week semester. Essays will be scored by trained human raters and analyzed for linguistic features, including lexical diversity, syntactic complexity, and cohesion. The author will examine (a) convergent validity via correlations between the similarity metric and human scores, (b) sensitivity to developmental change using repeated-measures models, and (c) incremental predictive validity through hierarchical regression by adding the similarity metric to models based on surface linguistic features. It is hypothesized that the similarity metric will show strong positive associations with human ratings, detect significant longitudinal gains, and explain unique variance beyond traditional feature-based predictors. If validated, this approach could support scalable diagnostics that complement human judgment and improve the reliability and pedagogical utility of L2 writing assessment.

For this study text mining was conducted on commercially available math workbooks to compare vocabulary used in arithmetic word problems for lower elementary grades (Grades 1-2) and Grade 6. Analysis based on JLPT levels and textbook frequency showed that lower-grade problems mainly contained everyday vocabulary, whereas about 40% of Grade 6 vocabulary corresponded to N2–N3 levels, including abstract and subject-specific terms such as ratio, area, and relationship. These linguistic demands may hinder comprehension not only for non-Japanese students but also Japanese. The findings highlight the need for vocabulary support aligned with students’ Japanese proficiency in understanding math word problems for all students.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify two issues revealed through the performance comparison of servers introduced in FY2022 and FY2024. First, it aims to define performance metrics for servers to be introduced in the future; second, it identifies issues within the university’s network and concludes that improvement are needed. Regarding metrics for measuring server performance, a provisional set was developed through the verification of servers introduced in FY2022. These metrics were established by comparing them with the servers introduced in FY2018, which remain in operation. Subsequently, the servers introduced in FY2024 were configured to resolve storage issues discovered during that comparison. Verification of the servers introduced in FY2024 shows a need for updating the metrics and areas for improving the campus network design were identified.

This study aims to clarify the formal characteristics of back-of-the-book indexes appended to textbooks for librarian training courses. To achieve this, 220 textbooks published in Japan between 1950 and 2025 were examined and their contents analyzed. The results showed that 179 textbooks (81.4%) included an index. Similar to general books, most textbooks employed typographical devices such as indentation and line breaks for index headings, ensuring readability. In terms of layout, smaller type sizes than those used in the main text and multi-column formats were commonly adopted to accommodate a larger number of index terms. Although subheadings and ‘see’ references were used more frequently than in books on other subjects, the use of cross-references was still insufficient and cannot be regarded as fully widespread.

Objective: This study aimed to develop a prototype using lotus root peels, byproducts of lotus root processing, to evaluate their suitability as a healthy tea and elucidate their characteristics. Methods: The edible portions and peels of Iwakuni lotus root purchased in March, 2024 were used as samples. The sliced samples were dried in a ventilated dryer at 50 ℃ for 20 h. Subsequently, the dried edible portions were roasted in an oven at 150℃ for 10 min or 180℃ for 5 min, whereas the dried peels were roasted at 150℃ for 5 min or 180°C for 5 min. Extracts were prepared by adding 100 mL of boiling water to 4 g of the crushed roasted samples and steeping for 5 min. Using these extracts, color differences (L*, a*, and b* values), potassium and polyphenol levels, and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity were measured, and taste analysis, aroma analysis, and voluntary tasting surveys were conducted. Results: Notably, no significant color difference was observed between the edible portions and peels at the same roasting temperature and time. The extract made from the peels exhibited higher potassium and polyphenol levels and DPPH radical scavenging activity than the tea made from the edible portions. In taste analysis, compared to commercial barley tea used as a control, the extract made from the edible portions showed higher saltiness and umami flavor, whereas the tea made from the peels showed higher astringency and bitterness. Aroma analysis revealed that aroma components associated with burning increased with increasing roasting temperature and time. Sensory evaluation revealed that the extract made from the edible portions roasted at 180℃ for 5 min was the most preferred, followed by that made from the peels. Conclusion: Lotus root extract made from the peels exhibited higher potassium and polyphenol levels than that made from the edible portions, consistent with the overall evaluation results of the tasting surveys. Overall, these results suggest that the lotus root peel extract shows potential as a healthy tea.

本研究の目的は、成人・老年看護学領域（以下、本領域）における慢性期疾患の紙上事例を用いた看護過程演習をよりよい演習に資するための基礎資料を得ることである。2023年度、2024年度の演習前、演習後に成人看護学Ⅱ（慢性期）を受講する学生（延べ111名）に対して質問紙調査をおこない、アセスメントの理解度と講義評価を分析して看護過程演習展開を検討した。その結果、両年度とも演習後にアセスメントの理解度が向上した。特に、学習効果があった項目は、アセスメントガイドの活用とグループ内発表であった。アセスメントガイドは情報整理を助け、個人ワークでまとめたものを個人発表し、学生と教員間でディスカッションする形式のグループ内発表は多角的視点の獲得や思考の深化につながったと考えられる。

This study aimed to review existing literature on the psychological burden, including ethical dilemmas, and the quality of care experienced by nurses working in palliative care wards under various restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic, to elucidate their characteristics, and to identify implications for the future direction of nursing practice. Literature searches were conducted using the Ichushi-Web (Japan Medical Abstracts Society) and PubMed, and four domestic studies and one international study published since 2019 were included in the analysis. The findings revealed that nurses faced significant work-related and psychological burdens, such as difficulties in building relationships with patients’ families, increased responsibility for information provision, and role conflicts under visitation restrictions. Conversely, despite these constraints, care practices aimed at maintaining patient dignity and preserving connections between patients and their families were implemented, suggesting that the essence and quality of palliative care were sustained in modified forms.

Regarding the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, there are concerns about the risk of lasting effects, especially among young people. In this study, we aimed to clarify the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic experience on the mental health of university students in the post-pandemic era and conducted a nationwide questionnaire survey and analyzed 331 responses. As a result, the experiences during the pandemic, such as general activity restrictions, self-growth or the importance of family and friends, infection prevention behaviors or restrictions of conversations with friends, reunion with family, new learning methods, or new hobbies and activities, were significantly associated with better mental health and resilience in the post-pandemic period. These results suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic experience may have a positive impact on the mental health of university students in the post-pandemic era.

Physical activity is a key factor for preventing and improving metabolic syndrome. Herein, we examined the relationship between physical activity levels and health-related factors in middle-aged men and women with a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The subjects were 963 men and women aged 40 to 64 (638 men, 325 women) who underwent health checkups at Mine City Hospital and completed a lifestyle questionnaire. Subjects were classified into four groups based on physical activity levels: Level 1, < 120 METs·min/week (n = 303); Level 2, 120 to < 1380 METs·min/week (n = 323); Level 3, 1380 to < 3600 METs·min/week (n = 190); and Level 4, ≥ 3600 METs·min/week (n = 147). We analyzed metabolic syndrome diagnosis results; physical characteristics; blood pressure; blood test values; daily inactive time, excluding sleep duration; dietary literacy; obesity-prone eating behaviors; social networks (LSNS-6); sleep status (AIS); and psychological state (K6). We found that physical activity levels of Level 2 or higher were associated with a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Increasing physical activity levels were associated with reduced inactive time, higher dietary literacy scores, increased social network scores, and higher HDL cholesterol levels. Individuals with low physical activity levels had lower dietary literacy, suggesting an increased risk of metabolic syndrome development, and tended to have weaker social networks.

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of using posters to provide blood donation information on university students’ willingness to donate blood. The participants were 175 nursing students (mean age 19.42 ± 1.13 years) at University A in Yamaguchi Prefecture. Posters displaying blood donation information and the blood inventory status published by the Japanese Red Cross Society were placed inside elevators for two weeks. Subsequently, a questionnaire survey was conducted. Of the 175 students, 29 (16.6%) had previous blood donation experience, and 146 (83.4%) had none; 72 (41.1%) had attended a lecture on blood donation, while 103 (58.9%) had not. Both experiences were significantly less common. During the survey period, 122 students (69.7%) used the elevator, and among them, 64 (52.5%) viewed the posters. Among those with blood donation experience and those with lecture attendance experience, a higher proportion had viewed the poster. This suggests that individuals with blood donation or lecture attendance experience may be more likely to pay attention to blood donation information. Factor analysis (maximum likelihood method with Promax rotation) of 13 blood donation information items identified three factors: “Understanding of Knowledge and Systems,” “Blood Donation Process and Precautions,” and “Blood Donation Service Information.” Multiple regression analysis, with “intention to donate blood within the next six months” as the dependent variable and “academic year,” “blood donation experience,” “lecture attendance,” and the three factors as independent variables, showed that blood donation intention was significantly associated with “blood donation experience,” “understanding of knowledge and systems,” and “blood donation process and precautions” (adjusted R² = .34), whereas “academic year,” “lecture attendance,” and “blood donation service information” were not significant. Furthermore, content analysis of reasons why poster displays increased interest revealed that visualization of blood type shortages and real-time information enhanced the perceived necessity of donation. These findings suggest that early and continuous education on blood donation, combined with information that helps individuals perceive donation as personally relevant, may be effective in promoting blood donation behavior.

This paper reports on the practice of the “Children and Families Happiness Project,” a community collaboration initiative launched in fiscal year 2023 by Institute of Child and Family Social Work Education affiliated with the Faculty of Social Welfare at Yamaguchi Prefectural University. Addressing complex community challenges such as isolated parenting households, school refusal, support for children with developmental disorders, and support for children requiring medical care, the university leveraged its educational and research functions to collaborate with related organizations. This collaboration resulted in the development of six support programs aimed at enhancing the well-being of children and families. Students actively participated in each practice, forming a mutually reinforcing cycle of support and learning. This research presents a new model for supporting children and families, where the university-affiliated research institute functions as a hub connecting local support resources, complementing existing systems.

Advances in perinatal and paediatric medicine have led to an increase in children requiring ongoing medical care while living within their local communities. This study aimed to identify challenges in enabling children with medical needs to enrol in local schools and participate fully in school activities. A literature review was conducted, analysing 20 peer-reviewed academic papers published in Japan between 2015 and 2025. The results revealed that challenges concerning the enrolment and participation in school activities of children with medical needs can be categorised into the following five domains: diverse circumstances of children with medical needs, systems concerning enrolment and support, teachers’ expertise, parental burden, and coordination within and outside the school and shortage of nursing staff. These challenges are interrelated and suggest they may constrain school attendance and participation in local schools.

This study aims to examine the educational effects of collaborative field-based learning in the professional training of social workers. Since 2017, the authors have participated with students in community-based activities, including a dementia café organized by the Yamaguchi Prefecture branch of the Alzheimer’s Association Japan, and have explored the educational significance of experiential learning in real-world settings. With the implementation of a new curriculum in 2021 and the launch of the Mental Health Social Work Course in the Faculty of Social Welfare in 2022, the need arose to review and analyze these ongoing initiatives. Accordingly, group interviews were conducted with students who had participated in the dementia café, with the cooperation of the host organization. The analysis revealed that students learned, through direct interaction with people with dementia, their families, staff, and local residents, the attitudes and understandings required of social work professionals. Furthermore, observing and engaging with on-site staff functioned as a form of live supervision, deepening their learning. These findings suggest that field-based experiential learning is effective in cultivating human resources capable of fulfilling social roles within the community. Strengthening collaborative learning support systems between universities and practice settings will be essential for future educational development.

Outcomes and Challenges of Community Care Conferences as Perceived by Care Managers This study aimed to clarify the outcomes and challenges of community care conferences from the perspective of care managers, who play a central role in community-based integrated care systems. A self-administered anonymous questionnaire survey was conducted among care managers in A Prefecture who had experience participating in community care conferences focused on individual cases, yielding 155 valid responses. The results indicated that community care conferences functioned as opportunities to review care management processes and to deepen understanding of other professionals’ roles. However, participants reported limited perceived effects on service users and their families, as well as limited impacts on motivation for continued participation and job retention. Furthermore, the quality of conference facilitation and the nature of interdisciplinary collaboration were found to be associated with care managers’ evaluations of community general support centers. These findings suggest that community care conferences should be redefined and reconstructed not as one-time discussion forums, but as continuous support processes encompassing pre-conference, conference, and post-conference phases. In particular, it is important to clarify the responsibility of community general support centers in providing post-conference follow-up and practical support, in order to ensure that agreed care plans are effectively translated into practice.

This study examined the provision of public social welfare—specifically, disability welfare services— for individuals with severe behavioral disorders and the outcomes of such welfare provision. This study identified an increase in the abuse of persons with disabilities—specifically those with severe behavioral disorders—in the context of welfare service provision. There is also a growing need for dignified support in which physical restraints are not used as a tool for management. Among individuals with severe behavioral disorders, needs have remained unmet because prior barriers embedded in public disability welfare provision have resulted in service delivery that diverges from the standard that allows the individual to lead the life they wish. These unmet needs, in turn, give rise to irreversible outcomes. The social welfare provision system must clearly define the responsibility for welfare provision and ensure its reliable implementation. Social welfare policies are required that ensure reliable service provision while enhancing responsiveness to the needs of the individual, their family members, and the entities responsible for social welfare provision.

This paper examines the practice of social independence support in children’s homes and considers future challenges from the perspective of “ independence support staff “ who play a role in supporting independence in children’s homes. An interview survey was conducted with independence support staff assigned to children’s home in Prefecture A, and a qualitative analysis was conducted focusing on the nature of collaboration within the institution and independence support. The results showed that there was ideological consistency in the view of independence among independence support staff at children’s home, and that the forms of collaboration between independence support staff and care workers were categorized into three types. In addition, challenges were identified from multiple aspects in the practice of aftercare and the support provided by independence support staff.

This study investigates the formation process, operational characteristics, and practical functions of a privately initiated network of housing support organizations (the Network Council) in Area B of Prefecture A. Focusing on a network established by certified housing support organizations, it analyzes how inter-organizational collaboration has developed in response to the limitations of single organization housing support. Employing a qualitative research design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with two key informants, the chairperson and the secretary-general, who played central roles in the establishment and management of the network. The findings demonstrate that contemporary housing support increasingly involves complex and interrelated needs that exceed the capacity of individual organizations. In this context, the Network Council functions as a practical mechanism for information sharing, collective decision-making, and coordination with external agencies. Furthermore, the network reframes housing support as a continuous process encompassing post-move-in support and the maintenance of everyday life. At the same time, challenges related to operational burden, role visibility, and long-term sustainability were identified.

A Quest for the Depths of“ Yuragi” I have reflected on my trajectory in social work education, practice, and research through the lens of“ yuragi,”. In the fields of social work and social work education, there are many moments when one encounters unspoken emotions, hesitation, and uncertainty that cannot be fully put into words. I have sought to understand such experiences by conceptualizing them as yuragi, and by exploring them through both poetic expression and academic inquiry. In addition, in my research on the community-based integrated care system, I have proposed the hypothesis that diverse forms of yuragi also arise in the process of interprofessional collaboration. I believe that these forms of yuragi can become opportunities to deepen relationships among professionals. Looking ahead, I hope to give words to the yuragi experienced by people working in care settings. I am convinced that the core of social work lies in the stance of continuing to stand beside clients, even while wavering and wandering within uncertainty.

The aim of this research is to provide translations and annotations of all the poems written by the High Tang poet Gao Shi. This study (Part 1) contains translations and annotations of eight of his poems.

A transcribed letter from Maruyama Oryu to Ozu Yoemon(a merchant of Edo period), held in the Mie Prefectural Library.

A Transcription of Ozu Hisatari's “Yanagisakura Nikki”. Ozu Hisatari was a merchant of the Edo period. “Yanagisakura Nikki” is a travelogue of his visits to Kyoto and other places.

This report describes the establishment and first year of the Department of Information Society, Faculty of Intercultural Studies, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, along with its purpose and progress. The Department of Information Society was planned and established as a liberal arts department. It was developed for literature and social sciences, and to address, society’s digitalization and structural transformation. The author describes the difficulties at the time of the department’s establishment, and the issues it may face in the future.

Yamaguchi Prefectural University students will identify information they deem necessary, utilize digital signage to organize and analyze campus information from a student perspective, and strive to create an environment for disseminating highly convenient information. The purpose of this research is to improve content through practical activities and, by leveraging user experience, aim to realize an information-sharing environment that is easy to understand and actively utilized.

This paper analyzes the ancient mountain castle (built in the latter half of the Seventh Century) at Mt.Iwakisan(Hikari City, Yamaguchi Prefecture). It first draws on traditional research findings in the fields of archaeology, history, and folklore. It then combines these findings with cutting-edge analytical methods using GIS to measure visual range and water flow paths, presenting the results of a multifaceted analysis.

The purpose of this study is to identify the social actors who sustained the Kokkuri-san boom that emerged in the late nineteenth century. Previous studies on Kokkuri-san have predominantly taken one of two approaches: either treating Kokkuri-san as self-evidently belonging to children’s culture, or focusing on its popularity during the Meiji period and interpreting it as a form of adult entertainment. Drawing on materials related to Kokkuri-san up to the end of the nineteenth century, this study analyzes how children and adults were involved in Kokkuri-san from a relational perspective. The analysis demonstrates that the practice of Kokkuri-san was deeply embedded in everyday life and widely shared, without a clear separation between children and adults. At the same time, among members of the educated classes, an emerging tendency can be observed to downgrade Kokkuri-san by reclassifying it as a children’s game.

This joint study discusses how to implement STEAM education in the current curricula of the Faculty of Intercultural Studies. First, we propose that through instructional design and subject matter development based on the mathematical modeling process, it is possible to foster a more favorable attitude toward mathematics subjects. Paper folding crafts are effective tools of STEAM education, with focus on mathematics. Second, we consider it to be important for students to gain a sense of self-efficacy through STEAM education in order to envision specific STEM careers and actually perceive them as viable career paths. This sense of self-efficacy cannot be acquired merely through occupational experiences alone. Universities are now required to determine whether they can cultivate students who develop genuine interest and engagement in educational content, while maintaining curriculum diversity and clearly demonstrating how it connects to careers.

This study examines cafe culture as one of the keywords for understanding contemporary Korean society. Cafes have become an important space for many Koreans in their daily lives. As a first step in understanding its characteristics, this paper focuses on the period from the 1860s, when coffee was introduced, to the 1950s, when ‘Dabang’(Korean-style cafe) became established. The analysis revealed that from the perspective of users, it was found that coffee and dabangs during this period were a culture shared by certain groups of people. Also, it has been confirmed that instant coffee from the U.S. military PXs, and the Korean War had a significant impact on the popularization of coffee and dabangs.

In recent years, university-based Japanese language teacher training programs have faced a range of complex challenges, including a mismatch between the practical competencies required in educational settings and existing curricula, the need to maintain professional expertise while responding to increasingly diverse educational demands, limitations in faculty and institutional resources, difficulties in securing sufficient practicum opportunities, the provision of career support after program completion, and the integration and effective use of educational technologies such as ICT. In addition, given that not all individuals who complete such programs pursue careers as Japanese language teachers, it has become increasingly important to consider training approaches that remain meaningful even for practicum students whose primary career paths lie outside the teaching profession. This paper examines a case study of a Japanese language education practice implemented at Yamaguchi Prefectural University, a university where Japanese language education is not offered as a primary major. Focusing on an initiative that includes online Japanese language instruction for children with foreign backgrounds, the study investigates the outcomes and challenges of an educational approach aimed at fostering civic-mindedness and developing generic competencies in a multicultural society. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey administered to practicum students, consisting of five-point Likert-scale self-assessment items and open-ended responses. The analysis was conducted from multiple perspectives, including practicum students’ attitudes toward the practice, foundational skills for working adults, awareness of multicultural coexistence, reflections gained through teaching practice, and changes in future career outlooks. The findings suggest that this educational practice has educational significance not only in terms of acquiring Japanese language teaching skills, but also in fostering attitudes necessary for engaging with others as members of a multicultural society and in cultivating generic competencies related to interpersonal support. At the same time, several issues were identified that warrant further consideration, including program management, the articulation between theory and practice, and the development of collaborative frameworks with partner schools.

In advance care planning (ACP), there are cases where it is difficult for patients to express their intentions for various reasons. In this study, we discussed the difficulties and countermeasures for the implementation of ACP in the cases of children and the elderly, involuntary hospitalization for psychiatric care, and the choice of end-of-life nutrition, as cases in which it is difficult for the patients to express their intentions. Internal difficulties caused by the individual, external difficulties such as non-provision of appropriate information and social difficulties such as the absence of significant others were considered to be the factors that make ACP implementation difficult. It is important for supporters to understand these difficulties and to implement ACP according to the individual patients. It is hoped that discussions on the promotion of ACP will be further enhanced in the future.

Excessive use of social networking services (SNS) is known to have a significant negative impact on mental health in university students. In this study, we conducted an online questionnaire survey of university students and analyzed 146 responses in order to clarify the relation between SNS addiction and self-compassion among university students. As a result, it was found that there was a significant negative relationship between SNS addiction and self-compassion in the university students. In addition, the subscales of "self-judgment," "isolation," and "over-identification" were significantly associated with SNS addiction. These results suggest that selfcompassion education may help reduce the deterioration of mental health caused by SNS addiction.

We developed a lifestyle reflection sheet for preventing and treating metabolic syndrome. Our tool aimed to help local residents identify their risk factors for metabolic syndrome, recognize areas for improvement in their lifestyle habits, and proactively engage in health promotion. We enrolled 1,146 patients, consisting of 715 men and 431 women, aged 18 to 92 years. Inclusion criteria were those who underwent health checkups at Mine City Hospital and answered a lifestyle questionnaire. We hypothesized that individuals with conditions related to metabolic syndrome have undesirable lifestyle habits. To test this hypothesis, we conducted logistic regression analysis to examine the probabilities of metabolic syndrome, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. The results were displayed as similarity percentages, reflecting how closely the daily behaviors of individuals with these conditions aligned with the behaviors of those who had these specific health issues. Eight specific behaviors were selected for preventing and improving metabolic syndrome: diet-related (eating behaviors that do not lead to obesity, avoid snacking, consume vegetables, reduce salt), physical activity-related (physical activity/ exercise, avoiding prolonged sitting), health-related (maintaining a sense of coherence), and alcohol-related (amount of alcohol consumed). The scores for these factors were calculated using a validated factor analysis. Each item was visualized by displaying a graph showing the standard deviation for all survey subjects. The lifestyle reflection sheet was printed on special paper and returned to individuals after their health check. The sheet served as a reference tool for health guidance. By utilizing this sheet, individuals could be individually notified of their risk of developing metabolic syndrome and the benefits of healthy behaviors. Behavioral changes for health were encouraged through a review of lifestyle habits.

The dissemination of knowledge and awareness regarding mental health promotion is an important issue in the mental health and welfare policies of local governments. In order to clarify the relationship between the social life situation of local residents and their mental health, we analyzed 1,139 people who underwent health checkups at Mine City Hospital and answered a lifestyle questionnaire about their psychological state (Kessler 6 Scale [K6]), social interaction (Lubben Social Network Scale-6 [LSNS6]), sleep (Athens Insomnia Scale [AIS]), economic situation, household composition, and residential area by sex and age group (youth: 20-39 years old, middle age: 40-64 years old, elderly: 65 years old or older). In men, K6 score decreased as the age group increased; however, there was no change in women across all age groups. Furthermore, when comparing by age group and sex, elderly men had the lowest K6 score. Analysis of the data for all subjects revealed that K6 score was negatively correlated with LSNS6 score (r = -0.219, P < 0.01) but had a significant positive correlation with AIS score (r = 0.495, P < 0.01). The "difficult" economic situation group had higher K6 scores than the "average" and "affordable" groups. These findings suggest that people with a poor psychological state have less human interaction and tend to suffer from insomnia and that improving one's subjective economic situation may contribute to a good psychological state.

The purpose of this study was to examine the advantages and problems of the mutual nomination method from the viewpoints of both teachers and children, in order to introduce the method more appropriately and effectively in the classroom. In order to understand from the children's standpoint, we asked university students to reflect on their classroom situations at elementary, junior high, and high schools, and conducted a questionnaire survey using both face-to-face and web-based surveys. The subjects consisted of 138 university students. To understand from the position of the teachers, elementary, junior high, and high school teachers were interviewed. Eleven teachers were elementary school teachers, nine were junior high school teachers, and five were high school teachers. The method of analysis was content analysis for both the children's and the teachers' standpoints. The results are presented initially from the children's perspective, followed by the teachers' perspective. First, from the children's perspective. Regarding experience with the mutual nomination method, in elementary school, the number of respondents with and without experience was 88 and 29, respectively, in middle school, 37 and 77, and in high school, 28 and 102, respectively. Five categories of advantages of the mutual nomination method were obtained, including [active and motivated participation in class], [ease of raising hands and speaking up], and [bright and peaceful atmosphere]. On the other hand, four categories were obtained for problems such as [bias and fixation of nominated/non-nominated students], [classroom relationships revealed by bias of nominated/non-nominated students], and [creation of rules for effective implementation of the mutual nomination method]. Next, from the teachers’ perspectives, regarding their experience with the Mutual Nomination Method, elementary school teachers implemented the method according to the subject matter and learning objectives, and according to the condition of the children and the classroom. Junior High and high school teachers implemented the method only slightly. Five categories of advantages of the mutual nomination method were obtained, including [active and motivated participation in class], [deepening of learning], [ease of raising hands and speaking up, and confidence gained from the experience of giving presentations]. Six categories were obtained as problems and innovations of the mutual nomination method, including [introduction of the method in consideration of the situation of the children and the classroom], [bias and fixation of those who are nominated/not nominated], and [creation of rules for effective implementation of the mutual nomination method]. Based on the above results, and considering both the children's and teachers' standpoints, the mutual nomination method seems to have the advantage of making it easier for children to actively and enthusiastically learn, raise their hands, and speak up. However, there are also problems such as the bias of children who speak up, the fact that some children experience not being nominated even if they raise their hands, and the fact that relationships in such classes become more visible. To introduce the mutual nomination method, it is necessary to have a supportive classroom climate and good classroom discipline as a foundation. It was shown that it is important for teachers to fully assess the classroom situation and implement the method under management, such as by applying rules according to the situation.

The Blue & Green Art Project (BGAP), launched in 2020, is unique in that it addresses regional environmental issues through the interconnected perspectives of sea and land. Over the past few years, BGAP has held symposiums and exhibitions to encourage discussions on environmental challenges while presenting solutions through art and culture. The 2024 exhibition focused on kimono upcycling and included works by environmental artist Mago Nagasaka. A key objective of BGAP 2024 was to explore Nagasaka’s concept of "Sustainable Capitalism," which aims to create a harmonious cycle among the environment, culture, and economy. This paper examines the theme of "Regional Revitalization and International Exchange through Clothing Design," primarily discussing the activities of BGAP 2024 in the realm of clothing design. Chapter I provides an overview of the research, while Chapter II traces the evolution of clothing design activities from BGAP’ s predecessor, the Agri-Art Festival, to its current endeavors, analyzing them through the lenses of regional revitalization and international exchange. BGAP has long facilitated international workshops that utilize Yamaguchi’s local resources. This year, an online workshop was held in collaboration with the University of Hawaii Maui College, focusing on kimono upcycling with participants from both Japan and Hawaii. Chapter III highlights the clothing pieces featured in the exhibition, including Mago Nagasaka’s art and their underlying concepts. The works of Yusaku Harada, utilizing factory waste, and Erina Kashihara, incorporating marine debris, were also featured. The process of kimono upcycling in this exhibition, framed as an international exchange activity, proved to be significant, offering insights into perspectives in both the creative phase and the exhibition and appreciation phase. In summary, BGAP continues to utilize clothing design as an art and cultural initiative aimed at regional revitalization and addressing local issues. Looking ahead, the project aims to expand these efforts, even on a modest scale, with the aspiration of contributing to the local economy through sustainable practices.

For EFL learners to develop their interlanguage (IL) system efficiently, input, output, and interaction are indispensable. Advancements in ICT have made it possible to access high-quality input, such as TED and YouTube. Learners can also practice producing output by writing diaries, self-talk, giving a presentation, etc. However, interaction can only be done with an interlocutor. Recent remarkable technological advances have enabled natural interactions between generative AI and EFL learners, allowing learners to practice interactions at their own pace with less anxiety. This study aims to elucidate the effects of interaction opportunities with generative AI on the Willingness to Communicate (WTC), anxiety, and perceived competence of EFL learners. Sixty-six undergraduates were recruited as the participants. They had opportunities to interact with generative AI regularly. A questionnaire consisting of 24 items was employed to evaluate their WTC, anxiety, and perceived competence. The analysis of the collected data suggests that interaction opportunities with generative AI raise WTC and perceived competence and lower anxiety.

In this study, an interview survey was conducted to examine communication between foreign technical intern trainees and Japanese employees in the workplace, focusing on companies in Yamaguchi Prefecture that accept foreign technical intern trainees. The results revealed that the primary factors contributing to communication misunderstandings between foreign technical intern trainees and Japanese employees stemmed from cultural differences between low-context and high-context communication styles, as well as a lack of consideration in the Japanese expressions used by Japanese employees in the workplace. Furthermore, an additional survey of both technical intern trainees and Japanese employees highlighted that the most frequent misunderstandings arose not from complex expressions but from simple phrases like “I understand.” To facilitate smoother workplace communication, foreign technical intern trainees were provided with opportunities to learn the original meaning and proper usage of phrases such as “I understand” and were guided on the importance of asking for clarification when necessary. Additionally, feedback was given to Japanese employees to help them understand the reasons behind the linguistic behaviors of foreign technical intern trainees. These initiatives were found to significantly foster mutual understanding and proved highly effective for both parties.

The aim of this paper is to examine historical materials that show the political and military roles played by Buddhist priests during the civil war at the end of the Edo era, when the Tokugawa shogunate was opposed by various clans. They overthrew the old regime and ushered in the Meiji era, when the emperor reigned. During the Edo era when today’s Yamaguchi Prefecture was known as the Chōshū clan, Shin Buddhism priests belonging to temples in the clan’s territory set up a new school for monks to learn both liberal arts and French style martial arts to prevent Buddhism and temples, which were linked to the Tokugawa shogunate, from being destroyed. This study focuses on one of the priests involved in this movement, Kagawa Hōkō, and aims to clarify the reality of previously undocumented espionage activities using three historical documents. The third document is a transcript of an interview with the mother of a merchant in Osaka who was a supporter of the Chōshū clan’s espionage activities. It provides specific details about how the spies raised the funds they needed, how they communicated their information, and how they evaded the authorities by moving from one hiding place to another. There was also a monk, a spy mate of Hōkō, who abandoned his espionage duties and instead spent the money on sake and geisha. He ended up abducting a geisha and ran away, which led to Hōkō being imprisoned by both the shogunate’s Shinsengumi and the Chōshū clan on two separate occasions. After this, Hōkō and his comrades became responsible priests at the heart of the administration of the Shin Buddhism Hongwanji sect in the Meiji era, and he became the president of a university established by the sect, but in his twenties, he was involved in military activities like this. This is a new and interesting specific case that has previously been undocumented.

基盤教育Ⅳ群の「やまぐち未来デザインプロジェクトⅠ・Ⅱ」は、2023年度から３年間の予定で、一般財団法人三菱みらい育成財団から、カテゴリー４「21世紀型教養教育」として助成を受けている。2024年9月28日、JPタワーホール（東京都千代田区）において、「みらい育成アワード2024～知見、実践、その想いを分かち合う～」が開催され、2023年度に採択された助成先の中から、カテゴリーごとに、優れた活動・成果に賞が贈られた。本稿は、グランプリの受賞スピーチを報告するものである。

This paper argues that there are several points that should be considered when building a chat server in a university. Three arguments are made to demonstrate the points. First,an overview of chat servers are given and pointed out some of the issues involved in deploying a chat server. Next, to solve these problems, the introduction of Matrix, an open source chat server is argued. Finally, it is described that some types of service that can be provided by introducing chat server.

Japanese children naturally acquire many words in their daily lives, but foreign children do not have as many opportunities to do so, so it can be inferred that Japanese language ability affects problem solving in math problems. First, we text-mined commercially available problem books and extracted frequently used words. Next, we examined the standard difficulty level of the JLPT and its use in textbooks, and found that more than 70% of the vocabulary commonly used in arithmetic sentence problems were familiar words used in daily life, and even those not commonly used in arithmetic were often used in other subjects. In solving arithmetic sentence problems, not only some difficult words and words that are not frequently used in textbooks, but also the language environment can be a major hurdle for foreign children to learn, as they are required to have Japanese language skills in their daily lives.

This paper presents a field study in which the author conducted interviews with Japanese Americans affiliated with the Honolulu Yamaguchi Kenjinkai in Hawaii about their families’ stories. The author participated in the 2021 Aloha Project, a collaboration between Suo-Oshima Town, Suo-Oshima High School, and Yamaguchi Prefectural University, to design a set of Aloha shirts. During the foundational research for this project, the author visited the Japanese Hawaiian Emigration Museum operated by Suo-Oshima Town, developing a strong interest in the relationship between Suo-Oshima and Hawaii, particularly the history and current state of emigration. After retiring and becoming a professor emeritus, the author began researching Japanese immigration in 2023. The research began in September 2023 with a visit to Los Angeles, home to the Japanese American National Museum, to investigate Nikkei communities across the United States. Interviews were conducted with members of the Nanka Yamaguchi Kenjinkai. In mid-June 2024, the author traveled to Honolulu to interview members of the Honolulu Yamaguchi Kenjinkai about their family stories. At the same time, research was conducted at the Hawaii Japanese Cultural Center to better understand previously documented historical events. With these insights, the author decided to describe the individual family narratives collected through interviews. The study revealed the existence of historically significant Japanese immigrant communities in areas like Moiliili and McCully, which are comparable to Little Tokyo in Los Angeles. These areas, being older, hold a key place in the history of Japanese immigration as centers of work, education, and daily life for Japanese Americans. Through interviews about the lives of immigrants and their ancestors, the study provides opportunities to reconstruct the history of immigration, life in Hawaii, and changes in values over time. This has underscored the importance of continuing this research. Additionally, interviews were conducted with residents of Suo-Oshima who have relatives who emigrated. The author plans to further investigate how Suo-Oshima’s history of immigration has influenced the awareness and lifestyles of its residents.

In the late Middle Ages, the Ouchi clan made secondary use of the Kurumazuka Tomb and Dainichi Tomb in connection with Myoken faith (Hokuto faith) in order to strengthen their own political voice in Suo Province. They also unified and strengthened their ritual rights within the clan by moving the bases of Myoken faith that existed all over the country to Kouryuji Temple and Jofukuji Temple in the Ouchi Basin, where they were based.

The purpose of this study was to clarify what kind of support is needed for education and employment of childhood cancer survivors based on the current situation and issues. The research method was a literature review, and 12 articles were collected. The collected literature was divided into two categories: education and employment, and descriptions of the status and issues were reviewed. As a result, it was found that, with regard to education, it is necessary to provide learning support from the time of hospitalization with a view to returning to school, to cooperate with teachers at both the in-hospital school and the school of origin, and to promote understanding of the disease among classmates who will accept the students after discharge from the hospital. In addition, it is necessary for them to acquire the ability to explain and develop strategies for disclosing their disease so that employers will have a correct understanding of pediatric cancer when they are looking for a job. Furthermore, after employment, it is necessary for supporters to think together about strategies to continue employment in spite of physical condition and late-effects complications. In addition, it is necessary to support the patients to grow as a person and acquire social skills through education even while they are hospitalized.

本研究は、生活者理解を目的として導入したライフヒストリーインタビューを初学者に用いることの効果、すなわち基礎看護学実習Ⅰの目的の一つである「対象を生活者として理解」するという目標が達成できているかどうかを明らかにすることを目的に、令和5年度基礎看護学実習Ⅰ受講生57名が教育の一環として作成したレポート内容 を研究のために二次利用し、学生が理解した「生活者」を質的帰納的に分析した。その結果、【自宅での日常生活を送る人】、【楽しみを追究する】、【前向きな思いがある】、【その人らしさがある】、【病気や老いに向き合う】、【家族との関係】、【地域の人との関係がある】、【役割を持つ人】、【否定的な感情がある】、【自立して生活したい】、【困難感を感じる】、【今後のことを考える】の12カテゴリが抽出された。これらの内容および視点は先行研究で示されており、本研究の結果とも一致していたことから、学生は対象を生活者として理解することができていた。

The purpose of this study was to examine whether university students' knowledge about blood donation is related to their willingness to donate blood and their behavior as part of efforts to promote blood donation behavior. The subjects were 79 female students at University A in Yamaguchi Prefecture, aged 20.367 ±1.312 years. Of the 79 subjects, 51 (approximately 65% of the total) had past lectures and self-study (learning experience) related to blood donation, and 28 (approximately 35% of the total) had no experience. Regarding the experience of actually donating blood (blood donation experience), of 79 people, 22 had experience (approximately 28% of the total) and 57 had no experience (approximately 72% of the total). Knowledge about blood donation was asked about 19 items, including “reasons why blood is needed,” “uses of blood,” and “types of blood donation. The results were as follows: (1) Those who had studied the subject had more knowledge about blood donation than those who had not studied the subject for all 19 items except for “Reasons why blood is needed” and “Uses of blood”. (2) For all items except “Uses of blood'' and “Information on blood donation buses in Yamaguchi Prefecture'', those who had experience of blood donation were more knowledgeable than those who had no experience of blood donation. (3) The reason for going to a blood donation for those who had experience donating blood was the availability of snacks and other small gifts, invitations from friends, etc. When thinking about going to donate blood, 60% of respondents said that it was because of their own convenience, such as having time, having a blood donation bus, being in good physical condition, and feeling well. In addition, 30% of the responders were due to factors from the blood center or others, such as a notification from the blood center that blood could be donated or an invitation from a friend. (4) More than 60% of the respondents who had never donated blood did so because of their physical condition, such as anemia or being underweight. In addition, lack of opportunity to go, image and impression of blood donation such as “painful” and “scary,” and lack of knowledge about blood and blood donation were also cited as reasons. (5) When we examined how gaining knowledge about blood donation was related to the willingness to take action for those who had never donated blood, we found that not only did gaining knowledge increase the willingness to take action, but also some did not change their willingness to take action and some decreased their willingness to take action after gaining knowledge. These findings suggest that it is important to make efforts to sustain interest in blood donation for those who have experienced blood donation behavior, and for those who have not donated blood, it is important to simultaneously provide knowledge about blood donation and opportunities to donate blood, and to devise approaches for those who lack weight or other factors to meet blood donation criteria.

Abstract: the “Act on Special Measures concerning Assistance in Self-Support of Homeless” was enacted in 2002, and the national and local governments began providing full-scale support for homeless people. The national survey on homelessness conducted in 2003 identified 25,296 homeless persons in 581 municipalities nationwide, while the January 2024 national survey confirmed 2,820 homeless persons in 217 municipalities. For more than a decade following the introduction of the Act on Special Measures, independence support centers have been the main providers of support. However, the enactment of the law to support the independence of people in need in 2013 has created a pathway for self-support, allowing homeless persons to make practical use of the welfare law. As support for homeless people became enhanced in this way, a new problem emerged: the free/low-cost lodging facilities were serving as a place, other than the temporary living support projects, to provide welfare coverage for homeless people based on independence support centers and the law to support the independence of people in need. However, their housing conditions were poor and facility usage fees were unreasonably high. One of the measures against this“ poverty business” is the newly established residential facilities for daily life support. This paper discusses the support those residential facilities provide to the residents who are experiencing homelessness toward in-home living based on a survey of visits to the facilities and interviews with the residents. The results showed that individuals experiencing homelessness have not only restored their health through the use of the facilities but also a sense of security and freedom thanks to the involvement of the staff. This stabilization of the body and mind allows them to imagine the transition from the use of the facilities to in-home living. When selecting a place for in-home living, it is also important to form a social support network for a life in the community after leaving the facilities. Therefore, it is necessary for the residential facilities to build good relationships with other facilities that assist people experiencing homelessness and with government agencies outside their jurisdiction, as well as to form networks among support personnel.

In recent years, early support for preschool children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been the focus of social attention. In this study, we report the results of an early support program, APPLE, for one preschooler with ASD. As a result of the implementation of this program, it was confirmed that the joint attention behavior and verbal behavior of the child who participated in the program became richer. In the future, it is necessary to verify the effectiveness of the APPLE program by increasing the number of children participated in this program.

Felix P. Biestek published The Casework Relationship in 1957. Five years earlier, in 1952, Mary Overholt Peters, Field Representative of the Oklahoma State Department of Public Welfare, published “Notes from a Social Worker’s Journal” in an American journal of public welfare (April issue). This paper is an attempt to compare the two publications, which are still widely read by frontline social workers. The author was interested in the fact that they appeared in the same period. The result found that 10 of the 11 items in Peters’ article share common themes with Biestek’s Principles of Social Casework in The Casework Relationship. Second, none of the caseworker’s relationships with fellow caseworkers and supervisors in Peters’ article were applicable to Biestek’s Principles. The Principles of Casework represent the principles of the caseworker’s attitude toward their clients. Therefore, they understandably do not touch on the relationship with their colleagues. On the other hand, no section of“ Notes from a Social Worker’s Journal” mentions the principle of confidentiality. Regarding this issue, Mary Oberholt Peters, author of“ Notes from a Social Worker’ s Journal,” must have been naturally aware of the responsibility as a civil servant to protect the confidentiality of clients’ private information, as she was the liaison officer for the Public Welfare Department of the State of Oklahoma in the US. Finally, as for the connection between Peters’ article and Biestek’s Principles, it seems that practicing social work according the latter and reflecting on the practice based on the former will help improve the quality of social work as the reflection will lead to better practices.

Reprinting Note of Ozu Hisatari's "Iwabashino Nikki". Ozu Hisatari was a merchant of the Edo period. "Iwabashino Nikki" is a travelogue of his visits to Kyoto and other places.

This short essay is a report of what I did during my research travel to Florida in the late September 2024. It is explained why the University of West Florida is good for YPU students who are willing to study abroad in America. It is also proposed how to take advantage of one’s study abroad experience to improve his/her language proficiency to the CEFR C1 level where they can enjoy leisure topics in a foreign language. My proposal is based on the findings from my pragmatic research on parody and cultural accommodation, and consists of three steps. First, express yourself poetically. Second, edit the words given by others. Third, tell your identity. These steps are designed to combine language proficiency with proactiveness, thereby contributing to nurturing Global Communicators, as stated in the new diploma policy of the Faculty of Intercultural Studies.

The “GIGA School Initiative,” announced in December 2019, is a Japanese government program to enhance the digital learning environment in schools. It focuses on providing each student with a personal device and improving internet connectivity to support modern, technology-driven education. Considering this initiative, we have initiated a research program focusing on training language professionals with high digital competency. Since FY2022, we have developed and validated an initial instruction curriculum for English and Japanese through collaboration with the municipal government and local communities. We aim to address educational challenges in a global and multicultural society. In FY2024, the project’s third year, we intend to concentrate on two primary areas: 1) enhancing students’ digital literacy and 2) fortifying regional collaboration. Through these endeavors, we aspire to promote further the training of language teachers with advanced digital competencies and contribute to addressing educational challenges in a global and multicultural context.

Practice of Initiatives Under the Regional Japanese Language Education Start-up Program (Agency for Cultural Affairs): Focusing on the Overview and Reflection of the 'Minnade Hyakoro! Japanese Language Classroom' in Yoshika Town, Shimane Prefecture This paper introduces the main activities of the "Minna de Hyakorou!" Japanese language class launch project in Yoshika Town, Shimane Prefecture, implemented in collaboration between the local government and Yamaguchi Prefectural University in FY2024, as well as the findings from the participants' feedback. Reflecting on the classroom activities, it is important to create opportunities for closer interaction between local residents and foreigners, increase opportunities for face-to-face interaction alongside online sessions, and strengthen information exchange and cooperation with local organizations. It also became clear that there is a need for flexible teaching materials tailored to participants' needs, and for Japanese language education that is more closely connected to real-life situations. To further develop the project in the future, the key will be for the government, universities, and local residents to work together to advance the initiative.

This study examines the Japanese language as it emerged in Taiwan, using Yamaguchi Mamoru’s The Town on Papaya, Anthology of Japanese novels written in Colonial Taiwan, Koseisha,2024, as a reference. As part of project exercise, the author of this study led Yamaguchi Prefectural University students to Chia-Yi, Taiwan, to learn about the historical relationship between Yamaguchi and Taiwan. Chen Cheng-Po, a famous Taiwanese artist closely related to this exercise, wrote his will in Japanese before his execution. The findings demonstrate that although the Japanese language penetrated the Taiwanese people in Japan during the colonial era, it evolved in Taiwan after World War Ⅱ. Knowledge of the Japanese Language in Taiwan requires an understanding of the historical relationship between Taiwan and Japan among YPU students.

In this study, we design digital teaching materials in the basic courses “Information Society Seminar” and “Introduction to Well-Being” in the Department of Information Society Studies. Using Moodle, this study not only focuses on the development of information technology but also presents one possibility for training humanitiesbased DX (Digital Transformation) personnel by solving social issues through technology to improve well-being. In the “Information Society Seminar,” in addition to the traditional study skills using paper and pencil, we decided to provide students with opportunities to learn basic skills using digital materials such as metaverse and smart pen as well as pictogram production, prototyping, and the use of maps, which are necessary for the information society. In the “Introduction to Well-Being,” we constructed lessons that use technology to address a variety of social issues such as medical care, food, disaster prevention politics and work styles.

This paper is a compilation of information on prewar Japanese designer organizations, organized and documented using as a reference the book “Experiential Design History” by Ayao Yamana (David, Inc., 1976). Although “Experiential Design History” is a personal memoir, the author has been active as a designer since the 1920s and has been a driving force in the Japanese graphic design world. The book is an important resource for understanding the history of prewar Japanese design, as it describes in detail, from the perspective of those involved, the period during which those who were called “designers” were recognized by the public as designers. However, many of the introductions of design organizations are in the order recalled by the author, which is cumbersome, so they have been reorganized in chronological order for future use as research material.

Using various historical materials from the late Middle Ages to the early modern period, we will reconstruct the state of Tsukiyama-tate in Yamaguchi, Suo Province, where the Ouchi clan established their base in the late Middle Ages, after the demise of the clan, and extract its characteristics by comparing it with similar examples (samurai residences) from the Middle Ages.

This paper examines the changes in clothing articles in the third volume of SUTAIRU, a magazine edited by Uno Chiyo, in the process of its transformation from a “fun and stylish magazine” that dealt with overseas fashion information and fashionable lifestyles to a magazine that was in line with national policy.

We developed a lifestyle questionnaire to create a tool for community residents to learn about disease and lifestyle risks, improve their lives, and support health promotion. The questionnaire consists of eight major items (1.diet, 2. eating behavior, 3. physical activity, 4. sleep, 5. social interaction, 6. stress coping ability, 7. psychological condition, 8. health condition, medical history, and economic status), for a total of 82 questionnaire items. The questions were displayed on a tablet PC and were answered by tapping. The response time ranged from 10 to 25 minutes. Five items related to eating behavior, physical activity, sleep, mental health, and social network were selected from the questionnaire and represented on a 5-point radar chart to visually demonstrate the individual's healthy balance. Immediate feedback was provided to participants by a radar chart that appeared after completing the questionnaire. Later, the chart was printed on a special form and returned to the individual. Analyzing the lifestyle questionnaire alongside health checkup results helps individuals understand their risk of lifestyle-related diseases and the effects of their health behaviors. This process encourages behavioral changes for better health by prompting a review of lifestyle habits.

Alcoholism is a chronic progressive psychiatric disease and is suggested to be difficult to restore. It is also called “a disease of being alone,” and there is a societal stigma surrounding alcoholism. We need a society in which correct knowledge and better understanding about alcoholism and alcohol-related problem is widely disseminated and patients with alcoholism can recover easily.

Participation of residents is essential to promote local projects. A questionnaire was conducted on residents in Miyano area, Yamaguchi City for planning local community development. The aim of this study was to uncover factors for willingness to cooperate in local projects from analysis of the results of the questionnaire. Aid for people who are unable to go shopping, activity to watch over children, development of environment to raise children and anticrime measures were much-needed projects. Relations among neighbors were found to be a factor affecting willingness to cooperate in these projects. Our results suggest that improving relations among residents may lead to increased willingness to cooperate, resulting in enhancement of local community development.

Ever since Yanagida (2006) proposed that ``not only children but also adults should read picture books、'' the activity of adults reading picture books has been expanding. Picture book therapy is one of these activities. The purpose of this study was to examine participants' subjective experiences based on a qualitative analysis of their "impressions" of participating in picture book therapy. Picture book therapy was conducted once a month. Each session of picture book therapy had a different theme、 such as "Know Yourself" or "Feel Happiness. It consisted of five picture books facilitated by the same reader. Participation was not mandatory、and participants could attend whenever they wanted. The subjective experiences of the participants in the picture book therapy were as follows. Prior to their participation、 participants held the stereotype that "picture books are for children to read" and also had doubts about the effectiveness of the picture book therapy. However、after their participation、 the participants were able to receive various messages from picture books、 which helped them to stabilize their feelings and become aware of their inner world. In addition、 the participants showed behavioral changes、 such as showing compassion and interest in their surroundings and reading picture books in their daily lives.

This study is based on interviews with five war orphans who experienced the absence of a father or brotherin-aw in the postwar period. I examined how surviving family members made sense of the absence of their fathers and brother-in-laws from a narrative perspective. Based on this examination, I discussed family resilience in the face of loss. For bereaved family members, it is not easy to accept the absence or loss of a significant person. However, in order for the survivors to continue to live with the absence or loss of their father, they need to "maintain the foundation of their lives while they and their survivors take on the role of their father," "share memories and feelings for the deceased within the family," and "see the value of feeling a special connection with the deceased even if they cannot share it with other family members. It was considered important to "find value in feeling that there is a special connection with the deceased, even if there are things that cannot be shared with other family members.

This report is the result of interviews with students from abroad enrolled at Yamaguchi Prefectural University’s Graduate School about the prevailing educational and learning circumstances and their educational needs. These foreign students wish to hear and understand academic Japanese, and aim to write their master theses in academic Japanese. The University appreciates the importance of support when learning the Japanese language, but foreign students were unaware of the support provided by Yamaguchi Prefectural University for master’s students wishing to draft their thesis in academic Japanese.

The present work is a romanized transliteration of the Dhāraṇīparivarta, the twenty-first chapter of the Saddharmapuṇḍarīka which has been one of the most popular and influential sUtras among the Mahāyāna Buddhist Literature. For further infomation, see Suzuki [2008a] and [2009a].

The Blue & Green Art Project initiated its activities in 2020 with the goal of fostering regional sustainability through the connection of sea and land. This time, we introduced the perspective of wellbeing. The theme for this year's project was "Well-being by Sea and Land: Happiness is Found in Handicrafts". This thesis focuses on ‘Sustainable Handicraft Tradition and Design in Yamaguchi’, examining the mental, physical, and social wellbeing that handicrafts bring to people. It explores the dilemma between conventional handicrafts and design, delving into the study of wellbeing. Simultaneously, it archives presented in the exhibition ‘Happiness is Found in Handicrafts’ and explores new expressions of handicrafts. Concerning the tradition and transmission of handicrafts, the workshop was revealed as both a place of encounter and a valuable tool for discovering the inheritors.

For the ancient nation of Japan, the area corresponding to present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture was a major source of copper. Copper produced in this area played an important role in ancient society, being used as material for the Great Buddha statue and coins in Nara. However, the prehistory of the region, i.e., the situation before the related industries were brought under the direct control of the central government in the early 8th century, has not been fully examined. This paper, therefore, first outlines the conditions under which related industries have flourished in the region since the Yayoi period. It will also elucidate that the roots of the technology can be found on the Korean Peninsula. The paper also points out that the existence of such industries in the region was a precondition for the central government to take direct control of the region.

In recent years, many places all over the country have been competing to attract tourists, and various"words" have been used to emphasize their uniqueness. On the other hand, rather than some official tourism pamphlets, guidebooks, and tourism websites, visitors are looking for information on the internet and social media, as well as word-of-mouth information from people who have visited tourist destinations. The authors of this paper would like to point out that because the transmission of information itself is changing in this way, the "effect of words" in tourism itself is also different from what it used to be. Since the image and brand of a region is determined by the kind of "words" used to represent the region, we must reconsider the "effects of words". Therefore, the authors investigated approximately 25 noteworthy events and projects that successfully utilized the effects of words, to clarify the following two points. 1) How do words work in improving the experiential value of tourism for visitors? 2) How do words work in encouraging residents' participation in the community development throughtourism? As a result, it was possible to classify words into four types based on their effects: a) "open recruitment type", soliciting comments from the public, b) "branding type", revitalizing the region through products and services that use characteristic words, c) "artist-mediated type", editing the words by third parties such as artists, and d) "narrative type", showing off the words and stories unique to the area. It was found that it is important to perform appropriate "editing" the words to increase the value of thevisitor experience and promote residents' participation in tourism exchange.

What are the characteristics of successful second language learners? What learning strategies do they actively use? SLA researchers agree that successful second language learners share the following five factors: ⑴ They are young, ⑵ Their L1 is similar to the TL, ⑶ They have high language aptitude, ⑷ They have high motivation to learn the TL, and ⑸ Their language learning method is effective. Of these five factors, only ⑷ and ⑸ can be improved by teachers’ efforts. First, the age of the learner and the distance between the L1 and the TL cannot be changed by educational intervention. It is said that innate factors strongly influence language learning aptitude and that what teachers can do is limited. Teachers can only motivate students with motivational strategies and encourage them to employ effective learning methods that go with SLA research findings. The purpose of this paper is to provide basic information on teaching English. It will explain the following five factors: how to foster communicative competence, three types of memory, experiential and analytical learning beliefs, roles of AI in English education, and English language proficiency that English learners in Japan are expected to acquire.

瀬戸内海は、東アジアで最大の内海である。非常に豊かな生物多様性と、それに支えられた漁業の栄える、美しい自然がそこにはあった。その生物と伝統文化の豊かさは、戦後の高度経済成長の中で急速に失われた。生物学者の調査によれば、瀬戸内海の中で、奇跡的に多数の生物種が絶滅を免れて生き残っているのが、西の端の周防灘なのである。その周防灘に1982年から建設が計画されている、中国電力の上関原子力発電所計画は、現在までかろうじてのこされてきた生物多様性をおおきく損ねるおそれがある。この論文では、山口県知事による、「生物多様性を有する地域であるから科学的な環境影響調査を」という意見が、どのように作成されたかを明らかにする。さらに、祝島の神舞や、神社用地の原発への売却などの事例を通して、地域の独自の文化の多様性が、原発計画を押し止めるためにどのような役割を果たしてきたかを示して、原発にたよらない地域の未来を展望する。

This article is a field note from fieldwork conducted in September 2023 on Sansei and new Issei of Japanese descent belonging to the Nanka Yamaguchi Kenjinkai. It serves as a field study of Yamaguchi Prefecture and Japanese immigrants. A is a Sansei of Japanese descent and born in the mainland United States. B was born in Japan when his father, a returned Japanese American, went back to Japan. C is a Peruvian Nikkei Sansei who immigrated to the United States after studying abroad. Before the interview, we visited the Japanese American National Museum in Little Tokyo, an area known as a Japanese neighborhood, with a volunteer daent guide, who was a Japanese immigrant. Having common information about their experiences here, we conducted unstructured direct interviews. They discussed their ancestors' immigration, the war, the concentration camps, the 442nd Regimental Combat Team（an all-Japanese regiment）, and their personal lives. This paper attempts to highlight the immigrant reality of the Nanka Yamaguchi Kenjinkai on a personal level by comparing historical facts with personal family stories.

In response to the recent decline in fish catches caused by overfishing and marine pollution, policies have been implemented to conserve marine fishery resources by managing appropriate fish catches and recovering the resources. In this study, we took an improvement approach to consumer behavior problems and examined changes in personal image and behavior before and after lectures on marine fisheries resources for university students using PAC analysis.

The beach ground cricket, Dianemobius csikii (Orthoptera: Trigonidiidae), collected from the mouth of the Kiyotake River, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan (31.8°N, 131.5°E, 4.6 m elevation), is a bivoltine species and overwinters as the egg stage. This species has two wing forms, macropterous and brachypterous, and the macropterous rate at 28°C was higher in the long photoperiods. The effects of photoperiods on nymphal duration were small. The egg duration was affected by the rearing photoperiods of nymphs and adults and the egg-storing temperatures. The eggs were considered diapause eggs because when eggs were kept at 15°C for 20 weeks after oviposition, they were viable but did not hatch, regardless of the rearing photoperiods of nymphs and adults. At egg-storing temperatures of 20, 25, and 30°C, the egg duration showed two peaks, short and long, which were regarded as non-diapause and diapause eggs, respectively. The proportion of diapause eggs increased when the rearing photoperiods of nymphs and adults were short and eggstoring temperatures were low. When the rearing photoperiod of nymphs and adults was short, the diapause rate increased with increasing days after adult emergence. The egg diapause in D. csikii was determined by the rearing photoperiods experienced by nymphs and adults, egg-storing temperatures, and adult’s days after emergence. “Key words: adult’s days after emergence, egg diapause, egg-storing temperature, nymphal duration, nymph and adultrearing photoperiods, wing form”

In 1850, Fusemikaki created the guidebook ``KYUKI TEIYO'' as a guide to overcoming the famine.In the early modern period, there were many famines, and the food shortage was dire.The purpose of this paper is to examine the emergency Marine Products foods listed in the book and their standard Japanese names. Before the publication of “KYUKI TEIYO“,in 1734, the 8th Shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune ordered lords of the domain across the country to carry out an investigation of thee local natural resources.The Hagi domain also conducted an investigation into the natural resources of Nagato and Suo, and the results were reported to the shogunate. Words that were already identified as dialects were also included in the"KYUKI TEIYO"and written in the same manner. The"KYUKI TEIYO" was designed to be easy to understand for the general public, and is a valuable resource for understanding the Yamaguchi dialect of the time. Keywords: “KYUKI TEIYO”, famine foods, Yamaguchi dialect

When writing Japanese characters, there is often a debate over the choice of characters among the three types: kanji, hiragana, and katakana. Particularly, for formal nouns with a vague substantive meaning, writing them in hiragana is recommended. However, in recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in instances where formal nouns are expressed in kanji. The purpose of this paper is to use the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese (BCCWJ) to examine scenarios in which kanji characters are chosen for the representation of "koto"(thing), contrary to the recommended hiragana usage in the case of formal nouns. The study also delves into the biased character choices observed in various fields when "formal nouns" are written in kanji.

Kazuki Yasuo (1911-1974), known as the painter of the "Siberia Series," has a group of art objects called " Omocha " made from discarded or unwanted objects. This essay confirms that the " Omocha " are the starting point of Kazuki's artistic creation, and that they are deeply related to his paintings.

TAT stories created by students to determine an individual's uncertainty orientation were analyzed using text mining techniques. The stories that included an uncertainty motive were those in which the difficulty of the task was caused by the characters' lack of experience. This study created examples of stories both with and without uncertainty motives.

"History of Books and Libraries" is a library and information science education subject in Japanese universities. However, no study has analyzed the contents of the subject. Thus, this study aims to clarify the knowledge acquired based on analyzed textbook index terms. Therefore, the knowledge covered in the subject is (1) centered on specific persons and libraries, (2) mostly related to Japan, with the United States and the United Kingdom being covered abroad, while Asian and Islamic countries are not so common, and (3) the emphasis is on the modern period. Furthermore, while the knowledge could be mentioned in other courses for library and information science education, "History of Books and Libraries" may provide a broader and more detailed explanation than other courses. Although the curriculum was changed during the 2009 revision of the Ordinance for Enforcement of the Library Act, there was no significant change in the knowledge covered in the subject. Keywords : Library and Information Science Education, Librarianship, Library History

Since incorporation, institutions of higher education have been urged to make decisions based on evidence rather than convention. One of these trends is the strengthening of the institute research (IR) function at each institution. However, it has been more than 10 years since the strengthening of the IR function attracted attention, almost no organization has seen an explicit organizational culture change. Insuch a situation, the phenomenal progress of digital technology has led to high expectations for DX (DigitalTransformation). In this paper, we will reexamine the essence of DX and present the vision of our DX/IR Promotion Office to realize a gradual transformation from a "conventional work style" to a "work style that is optimized to achieve business objectives". In addition, we will describe the proposed policy for materialization of the vision, based on the dialogue with the front-line level faculty and staff.

There are many studies on the "Nenchu-Gyoji-Hisho," a representative book on annual events established in late antiquity.However, opinions on the main issues, such as its establishment and subsequent changes, have been divided among the scholars, and there are still no settled theories. In order to improve the current state of the research, this paper will analyze the character of this document from various perspectives based on the results of the original research on the main manuscripts. Nenchu-Gyoji-Hisyo・Annual event books・historical documents・old manuscripts

This study revealed that when edible flowers are used in baked confectionery, the amount of functional ingredients changes. The amount of polyphenols was higher in the rose family, Rosaceae, and was also found to be higher in red petals than in non-red petals. Anthocyanin content was higher in red petals than in non-red petals. The content of functional ingredients varies depending on the type and color of the edible flower, and it is thought that the content is particularly greatly influenced by whether the petals are red or non-red. Key words：edible flower, polyphenol, anthocyanin

With the global spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection since the beginning of 2020, a state of emergency was declared in Japan, and our lives have been severely restricted, with voluntary restraints on going out and cancelling events. Under these circumstances, children's cafeterias have spread all over Japan as an effort to support families with children in poverty and need. In this study, we conducted a questionnaire-based survey of children's cafeterias in Yamaguchi Prefecture in the early stages of the spread of the novel coronavirus infection, and discussed changes in their activities and issues, as well as the status of cooperation with schoolsand other organizations. Key words ：the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection, a state of emergency, Children's cafeteria, School

In clinical practice, the attitude of the practice supervisor, such as the nurse or teacher, is important because it influences the learning of the nursing students. Nursing students learn a great deal through the relationships they form with nursing subjects (patients, family members, and other nursing subjects) and through the practice of nursing. The attitudes of practice supervisors, patients, and family members are believed to influence nursing students' confidence and motivation for the next stage of their practice. The purpose of this study was to examine how self-compassion, experiences of praise from practice instructors and patients/families, students' own psychological responses to experiences of praise, and achievement of practice goals affect nursing students' sense of on-the-job practice efficacy. Field practice efficacy consisted of "understanding and helping the subject efficacy," "maintaining relationships with friends efficacy," and "maintaining relationships with instructors and learning attitude efficacy. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the experience of being praised for the student's behavior, such as "being praised for working hard" and "being praised for studying well," had an effect on "understanding and helping the target" efficacy. In addition, psychological reactions such as "I feel motivated," "I am happy," and "I feel confident," which occur as a result of being praised, affected "the efficacy of maintaining relationships with friends. In addition, self-compassion, "experience of being praised for behavior," and "achievement of practice behavior goals" influenced "maintenance of relationship with instructor and learning attitude efficacy. This indicated that nursing students being given positive feedback and verbal praise by practice instructors, patients, and family members influenced their achievement of practice behavior goals and their self-efficacy for their next field practice. Key words：nursing students, Attitudes of practice instructors, self-compassion, the experience of receiving praise, self-efficacy for clinical practice

In April 2023, the Institute of Social Work Education for Children and Families (Institute of SWE for Children and Families) was established as an institution attached to the Faculty of Social Welfare at Yamaguchi Prefectural University,which has been providing social worker training education since 1994 and has produced many social welfare personnel in and outside Yamaguchi Prefecture. With the basic principle of ‘For the realization of happiness of children and families in Yamaguchi Prefecture’, the aim of the Institute of SWE for Children and Families is to improve the expertise of childcare, welfare, education and other personnel involved in child and family support and to explore ways to support children and families with difficulties. This paper reported on the practice of the Institute of SWE for Children and Families, an educational and research institute established at the university, in its first year of operation, taking into account the circumstances that led to its establishment. It also discussed the development of projects for the following year and beyond.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the operation of (1) counseling and support systems and (2) training systems related to the care of “ Concerned Children “ based on the results of a questionnaire survey of childcare facilities (“day care centers,” “kindergartens,” and “centers for early childhood education and care”) in Prefecture A. The results of the study revealed the following. Regarding (1) counseling support system, 96% of the facilities provided “counseling opportunities,” and another 69.5% provided consultation opportunities with outside experts. On the other hand, the counseling system in terms of tools and equipment, such as the use of SNS/ applications and the establishment of counseling rooms, had not yet been fully developed. In terms of the training system, more than 90% of the childcare facilities provided both inside of facility and outside of facility training, and the rate of training outside of the facility was higher than that inside of the facility. In particular, 66.3% of the inside facility training sessions were conducted in facility conferences. All of these results were significantly different when tested by a binary test.