本稿は、スケートボードのハウトゥ動画の分析を通して、身体技法の教示と修得がどのようになされるのか分析し考察することを目的とするものである。 結果、第1に、手本の提示は教える側の権威の確認のためにもなされていること、第2に、修得に必要となる曖昧な概念を教示する際に、教える側と教わる側の概念のすり合わせがなされていること、第3に、技法の修得が近づいてきた場面では、教わる側から修得のための新概念が提示されそれが教える側によって承認されること、の3点が析出された。 身体技法が教示され修得されようとする際には、上記のような方策が用いられながら、修得という目標に向けて実践が積み重ねられていくことが、本稿からは見えてきた。当然のように行われている身体技法の教示と修得は、実は複雑なやり取りからなされており、そうした複雑さを埋め合わせるための方策が用いられながら成立していることが示唆された。

Taxonomic classification of whole eukaryotes using conserved proteins or nucleotide sequences that are used as criteria looks convenient and easy. However, these methods may not be reliable to long evolutionary history if their function is developed or degenerated in their life history. The sequence-based classification methods depending on the functional conservation may cause unknown bias. In this study, we propose novel classification using intron positions in a gene, which are not related to function. Intron positions of highly conserved ribosomal protein RPS13 gene were selected as novel criteria for the classification of whole eukaryotes from lower unicellular amoeba, algae, and flagellates to plants and animals. RPS13 gene encodes 151 amino acids and possesses 453 bp exon sequence in many eukaryotic organisms. The intron positions are determined based on their coding exon sequences, in which all the introns are designated by the positions from the first nucleotide of the start codon and the position numbers are attached with ‘i’ for intron indication. For example, human RPS13 gene contains introns at the positions of 24i, 73i, 152i, 322i, and 423i sites on the coding sequence. Interestingly, all the Deuterostomia animals including starfish, leech, and octopus showed the same intron positions to human. Similarly, all the land plants showed 24i, 97i, 236i, and 423i positions. In lower unicellular eukaryotes, which showed nonintron or variety of positions, only amoeba Lenisia limosa has the intron position of 152i site and Chlorophyta Pedinophyceae sp. has single 97i position, suggesting that they may be the ancestral organisms of animals and plants, respectively. As a conclusion, intron positions of RPS13 gene can be used as a guide for the taxonomic classification of eukaryotic organisms

This is the final part of the series of a case study on translation of a dubbed film from Japanese into English on a Cognitive Linguistics perspective. Focusing on Venuti' s (1995, 2013) domestication and foreignization in translation, Sadamitsu (2020) analyzed the gaps in language / culture and in time between the source and the target text of translation, and demonstrated that domesticated samples were found far more than foreignized ones in order to fill the gaps far more in language / culture than in time. Sadamitsu (2022) went on to conduct more precise analyses on how the translators have dealt with the gabs between the two languages by closely looking at their domesticating strategies for English readers/audience of the film. Specifically, their coping strategies of adding / deleting information of the source text were discussed there. And this paper will examine that of changing information of the source text, which was left untouched in the former papers, to conclude the research series. It will be also discussed here that translation activities are conducted under a powerful and invisible pressure which forces the translators to domesticate the contents more acceptable in the translated culture and society, apparently without noticing it.