All Data

Totals of 4,193 and 3,000 of larval, juvenile and adolescent fishes representing about 45 and 46 fish species were collected by monthly light–trap sampling respectively on rocky and on sandy shores at the foot of the Gotsu Lighthouse, Shimane Prefecture, Japan after sunset of the high tide during the flood tide from January to December, 1998. A high number of species occurred from January to March on the rocky shore, and from January to May on the sandy shore, respectively. Number of each species in each month sampled from the rocky and sandy shores were analyzed by Hayashi's quantification theory III (multivariate analysis) and cluster analysis (Ward method) for clarifying the characteristics of occurrence patterns of each fish species. Five clusters were defined in the rocky shores as follows： Cottidae, Stichaeidae and Chaenopsidae fish occurred from January to April, Acanthopagrus schlegelii and Girella punctata occurred in May and June, Rhinogobius spp. and Acentrogobius spp. occurred in July and August, Iso sp. and Omobranchus elegans occurred in September and October, few fish species occurred in November and December. Six clusters were defined in the sandy shores as follows： Cottidae, Stichaeidae and Chaenopsidae fish occurred from January to April, Engraulis japonica and G. punctata occurred in May and June, Spratelloides gracilis and Gymnapogon sp. occurred in July and August, S. gracilis, E. japonica and Iso sp. occurred in September and October, S. gracilis and Acanthopagrus latus occurred in November, Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis, Mugil cephalus cephalus and Sebastiscus marmoratus occurred in December. These results indicate that these shores adjoining to the Gonokawa River (Class A river) are utilized as a nursery for various larval, juvenile and adolescent stages of the saltwater and diadromous fish species.

“Ehrlich’s ꞵ granules” refers to different granules identified in two types of leukocytes and is a term that has ambiguity. Among these, the ꞵ granules observed in the neutrophils of rabbits and guinea pigs stain with both acidic and basic dyes (amphophilic) and are now regarded as the granules of “pseudoeosinophils”, a term used for neutrophils in these species. However, it remains uncertain whether Kurloff (1889, 1892), who first introduced the term “pseudoeosinophils”, actually observed amphophilic granules in the cells. This study analysed Kurloff’s original papers and examined the morphological characteristics of the pseudoeosinophils he described. In addition, the papers include accounts of granular cells referred to as nigrosinophils. It also remains unclear which type of white blood cell, as recognised in modern haematology, corresponds to the cells. The results of this study suggest that the pseudoeosinophils observed by Kurloff refer to neutrophils in rabbits and guinea pigs, but their granules were not amphophilic and did not stain with basic dyes. Furthermore, the granules of pseudoeosinophils were assumed to exhibit staining characteristics similar to those of α granules, the specific granules of eosinophils, as demonstrated by triacid staining to confirm neutrophilic properties of granules and by staining with a triglycerine mixture that colours the α granules in the eosin staining properties. These staining results were considered to be due to the high temperature during the heat fixation of the specimens. The nigrosinophils were thought to correspond to basophils.

Viral edema of carp (VEC) is a viral disease affecting carp Cyprinus carpio, caused by the carp edema virus (CEV). However, the dynamics of the virus and the levels of viral shedding in diseased and carrier fish remain to be elucidated. In this study, experimental infections with two CEV strains were performed, after which samples were collected chronologically from the rearing water and gills in order to measure viral genome copy numbers (vgcn). The vgcn in the rearing water remained below the detection limit up to 1 day post infection (dpi). However, the presence of the virus was first detected at 3 dpi, reaching a peak at 7 dpi before declining rapidly. As with the rearing water, the vgcn in the gills also began to increase from 3 dpi, peaking at 7 dpi before gradually declining thereafter. Therefore, when koi carp are experimentally infected with CEV, viral replication in the gill tissue begins around 3 dpi, and the rearing water becomes cloudy presumably due to excessive mucus secretion. Around 7 dpi, the viral level in the gill tissue and viral shedding reach their peak, with symptoms such as sunken eyes and recumbency observed. Subsequently, the viral level declines gradually, and the fish dies several days later.

We examined hemolymph O_2 partial pressure (Po_2), pH, total CO_2 concentration (Tco_2), CO_2 partial pressure (Pco_2), and bicarbonate concentration ([HCO_3^–]) to evaluate the acid–base balance of the winged pearl oyster Pteria penguin under normoxic condition. Hemolymph was collected anaerobically from the adductor muscle. Mean values for hemolymph Po_2, pH and Tco_2 were 73.4 torr, 7.598 and 2.40 mM/L, respectively. Hemolymph Pco_2 was calculated using the rearranged Henderson–Hasselbalch equation, yielding 1.83 torr and a [HCO_3^–] of 2.33 mM/L. The non-bicarbonate buffer value (hemolymph pH–[HCO_3^–] relational expression slope) was 1.99 slykes, higher than that of other marine bivalves. Thus, the winged pearl oyster hemolymph has a comparatively greater nonbicarbonate buffering capacity.

Triacid staining is a technique used to confirm the neutrophilic properties of constituents, resulting in a purple color in neutrophilic substances such as neutrophilic granules. However, it is known that neutrophilic substances that are normally purple in triacid staining may occasionally exhibit the color of the acidic dye, which is one of the dyes included in the triacid staining solution. This study reports that the cause is the presence of excessive free acidic dye in the triacid staining solution and examines this staining model. The dye complex formed in a triacid staining solution consisting of orange G, acid fuchsin, and methyl green has two binding sites for neutrophilic substances, and free acidic dyes may be mixed with this complex. In such cases, it was inferred that the preferential binding of the acidic dye to the neutrophilic substance was due to the number of acidic groups corresponding to the free acidic groups of the acidic dye being higher than the number of free acidic groups at the binding sites of the dye complex.

Many roadside stations are located in mountainous and rural areas, helping to revitalize regional economies； however, such areas currently face various challenges related to improving living environments, including the supply of daily necessities such as groceries. This issue is, particularly urgent for individuals with limited access to shopping. Going forward, measures to support the shopping disadvantaged must be balanced with profitable operations； however, few studies have addressed both perspectives simultaneously. Therefore, this study identified challenges in balancing seafood direct sales operations with measures for the shopping disadvantaged. It examined the roadside station Kaminoseki Kaikyo, which handles seafood, and clarified its operational status through interviews. Based on the facility’s efforts and participant responses, this study explored the feasibility of, and strategies for balancing the shopping disadvantaged with profitable operations. The results indicate that a significant challenge in achieving this dual purpose is improving store profitability while reducing the time and labor required for operations. To address this challenge, this study proposes a strategy that targets approximately half of the visitors—residents of Kaminoseki Town and neighboring municipalities—by offering rewards based on their purchasing behavior to secure them as repeat customers.

In many textbooks and research articles, Ehrlich’s ꞵ granules are generally described as amphophilic granules that stain with both acidic and basic dyes, and are regarded as the specific granules of granular leukocytes corresponding to neutrophils in rabbits and guinea pigs. However, in Ehrlich’s original publications, ꞵ granules are described as being present in immature eosinophils of various vertebrates, and their maturation is considered to lead to the formation of the eosinophil specific granules (α granules). According to current knowledge, these ꞵ granules correspond to the azurophilic granules in immature eosinophils. This study examined historical and contemporary literature to clarify how the concept of Ehrlich’s ꞵ granules became ambiguous over time. Amphophilic ꞵ granules were found to originate from a description in Schwarze’s doctoral thesis, which was based on experiments carried out in Ehrlich’s laboratory. This description is thought to have drawn on Ehrlich’s personal correspondence. From the findings of this investigation, amphophilic ꞵ granules were likely a term used to describe the neutrophil granules of rabbits and guinea pigs during the transitional period before Ehrlich established the category of neutrophilic ε granules.

There are various types of farmers' markets； depending on the type used, the markets have both advantages and disadvantages for fishing households. In reality, fishing households utilize multiple farmers’ markets as sales channels because utilizing multiple markets offers advantages for fishing households. However, previous research on direct sales using multiple different types of farmers' markets are limited. Taking the Tabuse Fisheries Improvement Group “Shinsen Tabuse” as a case and confirming the benefits and drawbacks of direct sales using multiple farmers’ markets as sales channels, we examined the significance of direct sales using multiple sales channels. The results revealed that there were both advantages and disadvantages for fishing households, depending on the characteristics of the farmers' markets that fishing households utilized. We also found that utilizing multiple sales channels in direct sales helped avoid the accumulation of product stock, and fishing households acquired more customers.

To ensure the stable supply of the euglenophyte Eutreptiella eupharyngea in the seed production of bivalves during the winter, we evaluated the growth potential of E. eupharyngea under low water temperatures through laboratory and outdoor experiments. In laboratory experiments, no significant difference was found in the maximum yield of E. eupharyngea between water temperatures of 10 and 20℃, whereas the maximum yield of the diatom Chaetoceros neogracile known as a common diet alga for the seed production of bivalves significantly decreased at 10℃ compared with 20℃. In an outdoor experiment on a 150-L scale at a salinity of 25, furthermore, E. eupharyngea grew well in mid-winter, and reached the maximum cell density of 3.7 × 10^5 cells mL^–1. During the outdoor experiment, water temperatures ranged from 0.5 to 23.7℃, with a mean of 10.7℃. Although the water temperature in the mass-culture tank fluctuated significantly with the weather and day or night, E. eupharyngea maintained more than 2.2×10^5 cells mL^-1 for 12 days. Therefore, E. eupharyngea may contribute to the stable supply of the feed throughout seed production of bivalves in late fall and spring.

The influence of temperature on the hemolymph CO_2 solubility coefficient (αco_2, µM/L/torr) was investigated in the marine bivalves, akoya pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii, Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and noble scallop Mimachlamys nobilis. Hemolymph samples were equilibrated with standard CO_2 gas mixtures to obtain expressions for αco_2 as a function of temperature. Relationships between hemolymph αco_2 and temperature (T) were expressed as follows： αco_2 = 76.88145 − 2.62637 ･ T + 0.036203 · T^2 (for P. fucata martensii), αco_2 = 94.2109 – 3.6252 · T + 0.0554 · T^2 (for C. gigas), αco_2 = 70.4591 – 1.5253 · T + 0.0103 · T^2 (for M. nobilis). In the distribution of hemolymph αco_2 values, there was no statistical significance across an interspecies comparison of αco_2. From this result, the regression was fitted using all values of αco_2 and temperature across the species, and the relationship was expressed as follows： αco_2 = 182.3717 – 24.3932 · T + 1.6396 · T^2 – 0.0492 · T^3 + 0.000536 · T^4. This polynomial is versatile equation and would yield the hemolymph αco_2 at arbitrary temperature, even with different species.

This study clarified the structures and seasonal changes of the annual Zostera marina population from April 2003 to November 2004, growing at Tategami-ura, Ago bay, Mie prefecture. Productive structures showed the graminous types excluding flowering period (May-June). Biomass and shoot density reached maximum values in May-June. At that time, over 80% of shoots were flowering shoots. And then, all shoots were disappeared in summer. From October-November, a lot of seedlings recruited and grew to flowering shoots by next spring. Maximum daily net production showed 4.50 g m^-2 day^-1 in June, which was similar level to that of the perennial Zostera marina population. However, yearly net production (305.0 g m^-2 year^-1) showed lower than that of the perennial type. Yearly maximum biomass was 152.6 g m^-2, and production/biomass (P / B) ratio was 2.0. It is necessary to more research in the production because the biomass and shoot density of the annual population verify drastically year to year.

We investigated the oxygen consumption and resistance for hypoxia in captivity of coral trout grouper Plectropomus leopardus. The fish with an average bodyweight 3 g consumed 515, 667 and 654 mg/kg/h of oxygen at water temperature 25, 27 and 30℃, respectively. On the other hand, one with an average bodyweights 5 g consumed 468 and 804 mg/kg/h at 25 and 30℃. The former groups recorded a decrease in oxygen consumption rate from 5 mg/L. The latter groups recorded from 4 mg/L. In a water temperature ranges from 25 to 30℃, 3 g fish began to die at dissolved oxygen levels of 0.99 to 1.06 mg/L (oxygen saturation of 15.4 to 16.0%), while at 0.73 to 1.15 mg/L (oxygen saturation of 11.0 to 18.8%), 5 g fish groups began to die. This is a significant result and gives a scientific impact on hypoxia for coral trout grouper aquaculture.

the purpose of this study is to clarify how Company A of fisheries processing and sales Company A in N City, Yamaguchi Prefecture overcame the constraints and challenges of sixth industrialization, such as the existing industrial structure and the limitations of the capabilities of economic entities that many management entities face. In conclusion, with the cooperation of the fishery cooperative in Company A's efforts to become a sixth industrial, the fact that each employee was able to make use of their experience and know-how to overcome the constraints and issues. This is thought to have led to the establishment of the sixth industrialization.

In this study, focused on the waste heat energy from seafood processing plant as research to promote the use of unutilized energy. The waste heat energy from seafood processing plant contains large amounts of the high temperature waste gas from the production of fish cake, and the high temperature wastewater from the production of boiled whitebaits and bonito flakes. If these unutilized waste gases and wastewater could be recovered and utilized as the high heat sources, it would lead to significant energy savings. It is assumed that seawater will be used as the low heat source. Seafood processing plants are usually located close to the sea for processing fisheries caught in the sea, and we recommend the use of seawater as the cooling heat source. Therefore, it is necessary to design systems in consideration of the effects on the ocean environment in the area where seawater is discharged, which may lead to significant modification of the ocean environment. If the optimum flow rate of low heat source at maximum net power is identified, the pump power for seawater can be reduced and the flow rate of seawater into the heat exchanger can be minimized as needed, which is expected to reduce the amount of seawater contamination and lead to lower maintenance costs for the heat exchanger. As a result of this study, it was found that the optimum flow rate of low heat source exists for maximum net power and maximum turbine output. The maximum net power was higher when the temperature difference between inlet and outlet of low heat source was higher, while the maximum turbine output was higher when the temperature difference between inlet and outlet of low heat source was lower.

The author has previously developed and published energy and resource flow models focusing on the post-collection process of marine debris. These models were designed to examine the technical and economic feasibility of establishing businesses with energy systems. One of the previous studies examined the economic feasibility of a microgrid system combining a styrene oil conversion device from drifted styrofoam and a cogeneration system (CGS). The current study focuses on the “biomass gasification furnace and methanol synthesis furnace” technology, which has a proven track record with woody biomass. If this methanol synthesis furnace could be applied to drifting marine debris, it would be an option for providing energy to coastal facilities. In this study, an energy flow model was developed that can easily calculate the energy flow of a methanol synthesis furnace, CGS, and fuel supply system using biomethanol obtained from coastal biomass such as marine debris. If only marine debris is taken into account, the amount of biomass will be insufficient. For this reason, discarded fish and food residues from fishing ports and fish processing plants were also evaluated. Furthermore, this biomethanol can be used together with waste cooking oil to synthesize biodiesel fuel (FAME), enabling various applications including marine fuel. Using this energy model, the potential for energy self-sufficiency for coastal fisheries facilities (fishing ports, fish processing plants, and fishing boats) was calculated. The calculation results show energy selfsufficiency as a function of changes in biomass volume. However, they also found it difficult to be self-sufficient in electricity, heat, and fuel at the same time. Additionally, an optimization model was developed to determine the optimal size of the CGS, demonstrating the potential to improve the energy self-sufficiency of coastal fishery facilities.

The monocytes of lampreys [Lethenteron camtschaticum (adult), L. reissneri (adult), L. hattai (adult, ammocoetes)] were round or oval, low nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, and have striated (two-layered) granules (MoG). The MoG consisted of a basophilic inner layer (L0) and a chromophobic outer layer (L1). The L0 were positive for acid phosphatase, α-naphthyl acetate esterase, naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase and Sudan black B. Also, the L0 showed orthochromatic (blue) with toluidine blue. However, ꞵ-glucuronidase, α-naphthyl butyrate esterase and peroxidase were not detected in the monocytes, which were negative for periodic acid Schiff reaction, alcian blue, Sudan III, and oil red O. Kenji Kiyono reported the two types of monocytes (as blood histocytes), real and dubious monocytes, from the blood of hagfish Eptatretus burgeri. He observed both monocyte types in grown-up hagfish, but only real monocytes in undeveloped (details not stated) hagfish. His real monocytes in undeveloped hagfish were speculated as the monocytes of lamprey (mistaking the specimen), and the real monocytes in grown-up hagfish as poorly stained neutrophils. The dubious monocytes of Kiyono were considered as the real monocytes of hagfish.

Artur Pappenheim reported a poor description of the morphology of blood neutrophils from lamprey (Lampetra planeri； adult and ammocoetes) and hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) in Folia Haematologica (volume 8, 1909). Here, we inferred on the morphological characteristics of cyclostome neutrophils observed by Pappenheim based on his descriptions and our previous reports. He recognized neutrophilic leukocytes (mature neutrophils) in lamprey (adult and ammocoetes) and hagfish, and neutrophilic myelocytes (immature neutrophils) in ammocoetes and hagfish. This means the existence of specific granules and azure granules. However, the specific granules were considered as an inner layer (L0) of the striated granule (NG2), and the azure granules outer (L1) layer of the striated granule (NG2). The specific granules (=L0 of NG2) would probably have been stained with triacid (purple), acid dyes, and May-Grünwald·Giemsa (MGG； purple), but not with methylgreen-pyronine (MP). The azure granules (=L1 of NG1a) would also have stained purple with MGG, but negative with triacid, acidic dyes and MP.

Identification of leukocytes on tissue sections is important to elucidate the mechanism of swim bladder lesions. To determine the best fixative solution for a koi carp swim bladder, the swim bladders were fixed in 10% formalin, Bouin's, MFAA and Davidson's solution. The swim bladders fixed in MFAA or Davidson's solution were severely detached and twisted, whereas those fixed in 10% formalin and Bouin's solution kept their external shape. However, the majority of the 10% formalin-fixed specimens showed detachment of the tunica interna from the tunica externa under the light microscope. Therefore, Bouin’s solution was determined to be the most suitable fixing solution for the swim bladder. Imprints (head kidney-touched slides glass were fixed with Bouin's solution) and tissue sections of head kidney fixed in Bouin’s solution were stained with Mayer’s hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and May-Grünwald·Giemsa (MGG), and the best staining method for leukocytes identification was investigated. In the HE-stained specimens, identification of leukocytes by staining was difficult. On the other hand, MGG-stained specimens could be identified by staining. Fixation with Bouin's solution and MGG staining was determined to be the most suitable method for leukocytes identification in the swim bladder.

We investigated the hemolymph CO_2 partial pressure (Pco_2) and bicarbonate concentration ([HCO_3^–]) of the acid–base balance of Mytilus coruscus under resting conditions. Hemolymph collected from the adductor muscle was subjected to the following measurements. Mean values for hemolymph pH and total CO_2 concentration for this state between 18℃ and 23℃ were 7.568-7.601 and 1.54-1.59 mM/L, respectively. Hemolymph Pco_2 and [HCO_3^–] were calculated using the hemolymph pKapp estimated using the relational expression with temperature. Hemolymph Pco_2 and [HCO_3^–] were 1.77-1.83 torr and 1.47-1.50 mM/L at 18℃ and 23℃. To verify Pco_2 and [HCO_3^–], the values were calculated using pKapp obtained by in vitro method (tonometry). Despite the different determination methods, no statistical difference in the obtained values of Pco_2 and [HCO_3^–] were observed. Non-bicarbonate buffer values (ꞵ_NB), which were calculated using the slope of the relational expression between pH and [HCO_3^–] in hemolymph, were 0.42 slykes at 18℃, and 0.54 slykes at 23℃. The hemolymph ꞵ_NB of M. coruscus was in the range of other bivalves, and the hemolymph buffer capacity of the non-bicarbonate buffer system would reflect the Mitilid species.

Characteristics of the feeding behavior and relationship between the standard length (SL) and the size of scrape marks of ayu Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis were studied using 123 cultured specimens in aquaria. Feeding behavior was observed individually, 116 specimens (94%) have mouth laterality for feeding. Also, feeding behavior were found two types. The first was eating the algae directly from the shelter in 91 specimens (78%). The second left the shelter and ate the algae after changing direction back to the shelter (22%). One side of the lower jaw when feeding on the acrylic plate side was turned downward and the other side of the jaws was closing. On the scrape marks, 11 to 14 and 11 to 13 level lines were visible caused by the upper and lower jaws and the algae was not scraped between the upper and lower parts. The comb–like teeth groups are arranged as 13 to 14 rows and 12 to 14 rows on the upper and lower jaws, respectively. Therefore, it is suggested that they use almost all of the comb–like teeth groups except the back teeth row on the upper and lower jaws for feeding. The lengths of upper and lower jaws were found to have power regression with the SL, respectively. Also, the relationship between the SL and full width of the scrape marks (FWSM) was： FWSM = 0.3939SL^0.6767 (R^2= 0.8392, 64-212 mm SL).

‘Hikoshima-haruna’ (Brassica rapa var. narinosa) is a local traditional vegetable in Shimonoseki (Yamaguchi, Japan). The mature leaves are edible and much of the harvest is processed into pickles for consumption in the Shimonoseki area. To expand the consumption of ‘Hikoshima-haruna’, we verified the use of ‘Hikoshima-haruna’ powder in fish paste products as a part of the utilization research. We prepared heated gels (Kamaboko) mixed with 0-10% ‘Hikoshima-haruna’ powder and measured their breaking strength. The Kamaboko containing 1.0-4.0% powder exhibited a bright green color, preserving the characteristics of ‘Hikoshima-haruna’ as a plant with bright green leaves. Although the breaking strength of the two-step heating (30℃ for 30 min followed by 85℃ for 20 min) gels tended to decrease with increasing powder concentration, the 1.0% powder concentration exhibited a slightly greater breaking strength than the other concentrations. Therefore, when applying ‘Hikoshima-haruna’ powder to fish paste products, its use as Kamaboko at a powder concentration of 1.0% was considered appropriate.

Previously, we speculated on the staining principle of triacid staining solution (neutral mixture) containing a dye complex. The principle could be explained solely by the relationship between the stained object and the dye complex. We propose here to extend the staining principles of triacid stain to explain the staining principles of other dye mixtures such as May-Grünwald (MG), Giemsa and MG-Giemsa. In a mixture of acidic and basic dyes, the staining characteristics of the object were presumably determined by the degree of stainability (degree of acidophilicity or basophilicity) of the object, the degree of stainability of both dyes (degree of basophilicity of the acidic dye and degree of acidophilicity of the basic dye), and the ratio and concentration of each dye.

Triacid staining solution (neutral mixture) contains dye complex. Here, we speculate on the structure and characteristics of the dye complex in various triacid staining solutions. It was inferred that the dye complexes in the Ehrlich (methyl green + 2 acid fuchsin, methyl green + 2 orange G, methyl green + acid fuchsin + orange G), Romanowsky (eosin + methylene blue), and Pappenheim (eosin + methylene azure) triacid stains behave as acidic dyes, and that the dye complexes do not dissociate against weakly acidophilic objects, resulting in staining with a complex color (purple). Therefore, it can be said that the objects to which the dye complexes bind without dissociation do not need to be basophilic. When the stained material is highly acidophilic or basic, the dye complex dissociates, and the acidophilic object is stained by the acidic dye and the basiophilic object by the basic dye. The dissociation of dye complexes depends on the degree of acidophilicity and basophilicity of the stained material, and the dissociation depends on the types of dye composing the dye complexes. The dye complex in a triacid stain can be defined as a purple acidic dye in which the bonds between the acidic and basic dyes in the complex can be broken, depending on the acidophilic and basophilic strength of the object.

In 2023, a new seafood cracker named Bakan-Senbei was commercialized in collaboration with National Fisheries University and two private companies. The standout feature of Bakan-Senbei is that it is made from low-utilized/unutilized fish, which contributes to the Sustainable Development Goals. Focusing on this feature, two types of questionnaires（A and B）were implemented to evaluate visitors’ perception of its quality at the Osaka Seafood Show held in February 2024. In questionnaire A, we investigated the potential demand price after providing product information. In questionnaire B, the potential demand price was examined by intentionally excluding only the material information, and then the potential demand price was examined while first excluding material information； then it was examined again after only providing material information and excluding lust time. Interval regression analysis revealed no significant difference between the potential demand prices from the two questionnaires. This result revealed that consumers did not recognize the added value converted into monetary value as perceived quality of the use of low-utilized/unutilized fish. This result indicated that consumers did not perceive the added value of using low-utilized /unutilized fish as translating into monetary value in terms of quality. Conversely, there was a significant difference between the two groups regarding the provision of material information in questionnaire B. This result was supported by the outcome that 21% of respondents raised the rank of potential demand price due to the provision of material information. We estimated the increase price to be 5.5 yen, which was 4.5% of the list price. It was suggested that the added value could be improved by providing important information.

The influence of temperature on the hemolymph CO_2 solubility coefficient (αco_2) and the apparent dissociation constant of carbonic acid (pKapp) in Mytilus coruscus was investigated. Mytilus coruscus hemolymph was equilibrated with standard CO_2 gas mixtures to obtain expressions for αco_2 and pKapp as a function of temperature. The relationship between αco_2 and temperature (T) is expressed as follows： αco_2 = 138.247 – 11.253 • T + 0.554 • T^2 − 0.0140 • T^3 + 0.000138 • T^4. The following relationship between pKapp and temperature was found： pKapp = 6.6407 – 0.01589 • T . The parameter units are ℃ for T and µM/L/torr for αco_2. These equations enable estimation of hemolymph αco_2 and pKapp at arbitrary temperatures and simple calculation of Pco_2 and [HCO_3^–].