The purpose of this study was to gain insight about students’ motivations on vocabulary study between two educational online applications: Quizlet and Quizizz. Quizlet is known as an effective vocabulary study tool as students can study vocabulary whenever and wherever they desire. Quizizz offers a similar feature in which the instructor provides the quiz set as an assignment, and students can learn vocabulary by playing games whenever and wherever they desire. The students were given the Quizlet study set links or the Quizizz assignment links each week to help them learn new vocabulary. We (teachers) used the full paid versions of both types of software, which provide different types of study activities for the students. We used each software tool for a total of six weeks (3 Quizlet, 3 Quizizz, 3 Quizlet, 3 Quizizz) with first year students at universities in Yamaguchi and Yokohama. The data on their motivation was collected using two surveys (pre-semester and post-semester). This is because we were concerned with students’ motivation and willingness to study, not only about the statistical results of vocabulary gains. We also discuss which types of activities when using the software (multiple choice, matching, flashcards) the students preferred. Although there were limited numbers of previous studies addressing multiple-choice vocabulary learning, a few talked about its efficacy. In this paper, after a brief review of the literature, we will present our results.

In this paper, I will analyze how transitions of place and location impact the ways in which Anne, the heroine in Jane
Austen’s novel Persuasion (1818), realized her true self, showed her merit and became empowered to behave in the ways she desired. She was not “nobody” at all although her own family members regarded her as a person whose word had no weight; whose convenience was always to give way. The paper notes how key turning points in the heroine’s life take place not at home but at other locations. The farther that she goes away from home, the more descriptions of her actions appear in the novel. Since most of her family members were not helpful, there was no other way for her to reach her goals except by leaving home and heading elsewhere. This spatial transition can therefore be regarded as an important factor in the heroine’s success.
In the conclusion, the following three points are emphasized: (1) Anne had the willpower to go forward until she
reached her goal; (2) although she was from baronet family, she got along well with people around her regardless of their social ranks; and (3) her actions and movements would likely continue even after she entered a different social rank to the one that she originally belonged to.

The effect of Ga−P co-doping on the electronic structure has been investigated for p-type clathrate thermoelectric semiconductor Ba8Cu6Ge40 by density functional theory (DFT) to study the possibility of carrier control. In Ba8Cu6Ge40, the Fermi energy EF lies in the valence band, and Ba8Cu6Ge40 is a p-type degenerate semiconductor. For Ga−P, Ga2−P, and Ga3−P co-doping, the EF lies in the conduction band, the energy gap, and the valence band, respectively, indicating that the p/n carrier type and carrier concentration change with the Ga/P ratio. In comparison with Ba8Cu6Ge40, the effect of Ga−P co-doping on the energy dispersion relation at the valence band edge is greater than that at the conduction band edge. Therefore, the effect on the effective mass is greater in the valence band than in the conduction band.

The 4th Shokuiku Promotion Basic Plan, which was formulated to solve nutrition-related issues and instill healthy
eating habits in people, calls for promoting shokuiku according to life stages and lifestyles. The study investigated the differences in the awareness of shokuiku among parents of children in kindergartens and nursery schools, university students, and workers in Sanyo-Onoda City. The analysis used data obtained from a survey conducted in the city in 2021 by the Sanyo-Onoda City Health Promotion Division (forms distributed: 1,711, forms collected: 1,508, response rate: 88.2%). The analysis shows that parents and people in district organizations involved in promoting shokuiku have a high level of interest in nutrition, but university students and workers have a low level of interest. A Meal Balance Guide was used by people with a high level of interest in nutrition, but was less likely to be used by people with low interest. As for how to disseminate information about nutrition, although a high percentage said they got it from the Internet, those with a high level of interest tend to get their information from newspapers, magazines, and friends. University students tend not to have opportunities to eat together, but students who are highly interested in nutrition are also more interested in places where they can eat together. By creating links such as these, it may become easier for students to contribute to local nutrition-related issues.

Furosemide is one of the most used loop diuretics. While several generic versions of furosemide tablets are available in clinical situation, similarities in dissolution property of these tablets have not been reported. Hence, we compared the differences of dissolution property of furosemide 40 mg tablets between the original and generic A in dissolution and disintegration tests.
Simple suspension of the generic A tablets showed a greater particle dispersion than that of the original product. The furosemide dissolution rate of generic A in the dissolution test showed a significant small compared to the original product during from 2 to 4 minutes after the beginning, but it became higher, in turn, at 30 minutes after. In the disintegration test, the generic A tablet had a longer disintegration time of 1-2 minutes than the original product. The generic A tablet contained specific additives of coating agents such as titanium dioxide, Hypromellose, and PEG6000. The presence of insoluble titanium dioxide causes white cloudiness in simple suspension of the generic A tablet. Both Hypromellose and PEG6000 were supposed to increases the dispersibility of furosemide, which could lead to the increased dissolution rate of the generic A tablet. These findings of this study on furosemide tablet are considered to provide helpful information for an alternative use with generic agents.

It has long been debated whether the process of L2 learning is similar to that of LL Some hypotheses assert that L2
learners as well as Ll speakers have a sort of innate apparatus for language acquisition, like LAD posited by Chomsky in the field of Ll studies. Others suggest that the process ofL2 learning should be divergent depending on the Ll background. This study is intended to explore the differences between Ll and L2 in the acquisition process of English relative clauses. Two experiments were conducted-one with English-speaking children aged 7 (n = 24) and another with Japanese L2 learners of English (n = 35). The Child Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES) corpus was used to investigate the frequency of relative clauses in the natural utterances of children (Ll English), while forced-choice, fill-in-the-blank questions were designed to measure how accurately Japanese L2 learners acquire the form and function of relative clauses. As a result, there was no difference found between the frequency of object-extracted relative clauses (ORCs) and that of subject-extracted relative clauses (SRCs) in natural utterances of English-speaking children. In contrast, Japanese L2 learners of English were clearly found to have much more difficulty in mastering ORCs than SRCs(p ＜ .01). These findings are taken to indicate that there exists a process ofL2 acquisition, which is different from that of Ll.

中学校の平面図形の学習では三角形をもとに考え、空間図形の学習では四面体をもとに考える。ところが、小学校の平面図形の学習では正方形をもとに考え、空間図形の学習では立方体をもとに考える。ここで、平面図形のもとになる図形は三角形・正方形のどちらか、空間図形のもとになる図形は四面体・立方体のどちらか、という疑問が生まれる。
そこで、「単純図形とはその次元の図形を形づくるもとになる最も単純な図形で、2次元では三角形、3次元では四面体がそれにあたる」、「計量図形とはその次元の図形の計量をするもとになる図形で、2次元では数量『面積』を測るもとになる『面積1の正方形』、3次元では数量『体積』を測るもとになる『体積lの立方体』がそれにあたる」と定義する。そして、研究仮説を「各次元の図形のもとになる図形は、『単純図形』と『計量図形』の2系列があり、それぞれのしくみを考察する手順を生徒の思考に沿った授業づくりレベルで考えることで、形と計量といった図形概念を育てるための手だてを一般化できる」とする。
本稿では、中学I年の授業「次元を超える一単純図形と計量図形ー」をつくる過程をもとに、授業の流れ「4次元の図形のイメージをつかむ」→「規則を見つける」→「規則が成り立つ理由をつかむ」と、手だて「次元の順に整理する」「比較しやすいように学習プリントを工夫する」の2つをベースに、「『図形』と『特徴』と『名前』に絞り込んで4次元の図形をイメージさせる」→「一度次元を下げてデータを増やす」→「図形の成り立ちを整理する」について述べていく。

The reflection and transmission characteristics of granular composite materials containing Cu or Ag-coated Cu
flake-shaped particles were investigated by measurement in free space and by calculation based on transmission line theory. The negative permittivity spectra, which characterized the permittivity properties of metals, were observed in the Cu and Ag-coated Cu flake composites with particle contents above the percolation threshold Φc. For the Cu and Ag-coated Cu flake composites below Φc. the measured absolute values of the reflection coefficient |Γ| and the transmission coefficient ITI increased and decreased with increasing frequency, respectively. The Ag-coated Cu flake composite aboveりcexhibited metallic reflection and transmission characteristics with |Γ| > 0.9 and ITI < 0.1; these characteristics of the Ag-coated Cu flake composite agreed with the calculated results based on transmission line theory. Meanwhile, the measured values of |Γ| and ITI for the Cu flake composites above Φc tended to deviate from the theoretical values due to changes in electrical conductivity.

While working at Sanyo-onoda City University, the author researched and invented the microbial fuel cell utilizing inorganic porous materials, which has a power generation capacity ten times greater than conventional ones. This achievement is attracting attention as an innovative technology that has the potential to replace or supplement the current electrical energy dependence on fossil fuels. After retiring from university, the author wanted to put the research results achieved at the former Morita laboratory into practical use in order to make a significant contribution to humanity's energy problems. Then, the author conducted the cooperating company in Tottori Prefecture that manufactures inorganic porous materials to carry out practical tests in a fallow field on the outskirts of Tottori City. From 2022 to 2023, 64 experimental microbial fuel cells were installed at the test site, and outdoor power generation data was obtained across seasons. During this period, we also conducted in the laboratory experiments to improve power generation and made improvements to problems that emerged during operation in natural environments. Furthermore, during this period, the electricity generated was used to light street- lamps and used for illumination during Christmas and cherry blossom viewing seasons, bringing us one step closer to practical application. At present, microbial power generation has not yet reached the point where it can replace commercial electricity, but it is suitable for use in remote areas, remote islands, and developing countries where electricity is not available, and as an emergency power source during disasters such as typhoons and heavy rain that have been occurring frequently in recent years. We believe that this technology can be put to practical use as a suitable power source in the situations described above.

We conducted a questionnaire survey among students belonging to the Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sanyo-Onoda City University between January 2021 and June 2021 regarding the use of learning support classroom. We asked 196 students and 188 (96%) responded. Forty-three students had used the service and 95% of them said that it was effective. Twenty of these students used the service only once, and it appears that they asked friends for advice on assignments and only used the service when there was a problem that they just couldn't answer. The analysis suggests that the students who used the service in this way generally used it as expected. On the other hand, as for the students who had not use the Learning Support Classroom, the majority of them seem to have solved their problems by asking their friends. However, when analyze by grade group, about 50% of the students in the upper half of the grade band answered that they had no problems with their studies, while only about 14% of the students in the lower half of the grade band answered that they had no problems. For these students, even though they did not think they had no problems, they felt that going to tutoring was a hassle or a chore, or that the hours were not convenient. In order to increase the number of users, it may be important to continue to consider the days that the room is open, to make announcements such as the orientation, and to increase opportunities to get to know the assistant professor.

山口東京理科大学工学部3学科（機械工学科・電気工学科・応用化学科）の1年生向けに「物理学及び演習」（応用化学科は「物理学II及び演習」）として開講している電磁気学分野の入門的講義において，著者らが2022年度第IV期にそれぞれ担当したクラスの受講生に対し電磁気学についての概念調査(BEMA)のプレテスト及びポストテストを実施した結果に関して報告する。これは， 2019年度に2クラスのみで実施した調査の拡大版に相当する。本調査の問題は全問選択式の出題形式であり，オリジナル[Chabay-Sherwood(1997)］は英語で書かれているが，そのH本語版［土佐幸子訳(2014)］を使用した。ここでは，この調査のプレテスト・ポストテストの採点結果について統計的に処理し， 2019年度の結果との比較や学科依存性，入試形態依存性等の解析をする。さらに， BEMAを多次元項目反応理論で解析した文献[Hansen-Stewart(2021)]に具体的に記載されている2つのモデルを本調査の回答データに適用して解析する。以上の解析結果をまとめて報告し，コメントを述べる。

　私は本学において長らく1年生を対象とした「微分積分学および演習」「工学数学および演習」を担当してきましたが、この両科目では実数の範囲の微分、積分を扱い、そこに複素数の要素が入ってくることはほとんどありません。ただ使用している教科書1)の最後の章で定数係数2階微分方程式の解の説明（最近発売されている微分積分の教科書では、微分方程式まで扱われている微分積分の教科書はほとんど見かけません）でオイラーの公式が出現し、微分方程式の解に複素数の解が現れます。ご存じのようにオイラーの公式はその後の専門教育では頻繁に出てくる重要な式でありますが、複素数を扱う数学となると「複素関数論」という別の科目として扱われ、複素空間から始まり、複素積分までの範囲までと1年生にとっては難しい内容であり、応用化学科ではこのような科目は開講されていません。しかし現在ある微分積分学の内容に複素数の虚数単位であるiを特殊な性質を持った係数として扱うだけで、複素関数論で扱うような難しい内容とする必要はなく、三角関数の加法定理や微積分、マクローリン展開や各種の微分積分の公式が理解できると考えます。本論文（エッセイ）ではオイラーの公式および複素数を含めた各種の微分積分から始め、減衰振動の現象などの応用までについて思いついたまま記述していきます。