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Focusing on questioning skills as a component of critical thinking, this study examined a common classroom practice for developing these skills in students: comment cards. The purpose of this study was to develop a questionnaire that measures the effectiveness of comment cards by describing how students use them and what ideas and attitudes they foster among students. 　A survey was conducted with 108 participants, making use of 15 question items regarding how teachers intended to use comment cards in classes and how the students responded. A factor analysis yielded 11 items divided into three factors . After testing the reliability of the model, a final version of the scale (the Scale for Measuring Effectiveness of Comment Cards) was produced. 　The scale can provide researchers with a quantitative measure for examining the practical effectiveness of comment cards. When used in combination with scales on critical thinking and questioning, the scale can further provide insights into both the practical effectiveness of comment cards and the issues to be addressed.

The activities of preventive care are important for extending life expectancy and improving the quality of life in an aging society. In order to spread these activities, the role of the community is important. “Ikiiki Hyakusai Taiso,” meaning lively 100-year-old’s gymnastics, is one of the preventive care activities operated by a local community. We analyzed whether there are any differences in the 12 elementary school districts regarding the data on living functions, physical functions, and medical expenses of the participants of the Ikiiki Hyakusai Taiso held in Sanyo-Onoda city. As a result, the Koyo Elementary School district was characterized by a few seconds of standing on one leg with eyes open, and low medical expenses. The community of Koyo Elementary School district has strong ties, and it is thought that preventive care activities are progressing with the help of local people. Akazaki and Motoyama Elementary School districts tend to have a high degree of certifications for preventive care. It is thought that this is because people who serve as self-government chairpersons and civil welfare officers and have a sense of mission play a central role in preventive care activities, and even those who find it difficult to participate alone in gymnastics can participate. It is important to strengthen local ties as a way of promoting preventive care activities. In areas where regional ties are not strong, it is considered effective to involve the chairman of the autonomy and local welfare officers.

「デイジー・ミラー」は、ヘンリー・ジェイムズの最も広く読まれ、研究された作品の1 つといえるだろう。この小説は、当時人気のあった旅行物語であると同時に、「国際テーマ」を取り上げた作品の嚆矢と見なされている。モダニティの観点から、この小説はさまざまな解釈の可能性を持って再読する価値があるといえる。いくつか例を挙げると、登場人物は単純化されており、より深い解釈が必要である。ヒロインの弟は、ほぼすべてのもの、人物に対しアメリカがベストという発言を繰り返し、現在のアメリカ第一主義を髣髴とさせる。アメリカン・マネーの経済力は Daisy が欲しいものを手に入れる手段として、物語の中で繰り返されているが、その源である父親については息子や妻によって言及されるだけで、経済力としての存在としてしか扱われていない。アメリカ・ドルの力は今でも世界中で支配的な力を持っていることを再考慮する必要がある。 　ヒロインの Daisy は「アメリカの浮気娘」として単純化されており、彼女は物語を通してヒーローの Winterbourne を当惑させている。 Winterbourne は、女性の美しさを「観察および分析することに夢中になっている」ため、Daisy の闊達な自発性に不思議の念を感じずにいられない。この2 人の人物造型や関係性は、従来とは異なる視点から解釈することが可能である。 　この論文では、この古典的な物語に新たにアクセスし、モダニティの観点から解釈したいと考えている。ここでのモダニティの観点とは、男性と女性の主人公の関係、経済力、市場の拡大、商品化された文化などである。さらに、都市小説, 紀行小説としての側面についても言及していく。

Recently, nanostructured materials or nanocomposites, rather than thin films or superlattices, are of increasing interest in creating a new material with high thermoelectric figure of merit. The approach of nanoscale control of materials by introducing nanostructures, such as nanoinclusions, nanointerfaces, etc., may have a significant influence on the transport properties due to the energy filtering effect of the potential barrier at interfaces, or strong scattering effect of phonons and/or carriers at interfaces, whose density increases with decreasing size of structure. On the other hand, it is also of importance to elucidate the mechanism of enhancement in the Seebeck coefficient for nanostructured material systems. The density functional theory (DFT) using non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) method may be a powerful tool to calculate the transport properties of nanoscale systems. There are, however, few studies of nanoscale system for thermoelectric clathrates by DFT using NEGF method. Thus, we adopt the DFT using NEGF method to calculate the transport properties of nanoscale system of Ba8Au6Si40/nanogap/Ba8Au6Si40, where nanogap acts as a potential barrier, as a model of nanoscale clathrate Ba8Au6Si40 system, to investigate the effect of nanointerface on the transport properties of thermoelectric clathrates. For Ba8Au6Si40/nanogap/Ba8Au6Si40 system, the Seebeck coefficient value at EF is greatly enhanced. The electrostatic potential difference was found to be large at the nanogap for Ba8Au6Si40/nanogap/Ba8Au6Si40 system. The calculation suggests that the potential barriers at nanointerface, such as grain boundary, have a significant influence on the Seebeck coefficient. We also discuss the effect of nanointerface on the electron and thermal conductance.

Chromium has diverse oxidation states, the charges of +3 and +6 for chromium occur the most commonly within chromium compounds. Trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) is not toxic and is essential for living organisms. On the other hand, hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is known to has the strong ability to oxidize and to be a carcinogen. Therefore, it is important selectively to determine of Cr(VI) for the analysis of chromium due to the difference of toxicity between Cr(III) and Cr(VI). 1, 5-Diphenylcarbazide (DPC) is a reagent which selectively reacts with Cr(VI) to color violet complex. We have developed a simple and sensitive analysis of Cr (VI) using a micro fluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) with the DPC colorimetric reaction. The fabrication of μPADs was carried out by melting wax with an oven after the pattern was printed with a wax printer. The detection spots were dropped DPC solution and dried. Then, the sample solution was dropped into the sampling spot and wicked to the detection spots. μPAD was scanned with a scanner, the color intensity for the detection spots was analyzed by an image analysis software. The RGB intensity of the images was analyzed, and the highest sensitivity was obtained when G-intensity was used. The detection limit of this device for the Cr(VI) analysis was 26.2 μg/L, the sensitivity for present method has been enhanced compared to the previous method (30 mg/L).